{
  "attribution": "NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (Lan, Tans & Thoning), version 2026-09, doi:10.15138/9N0H-ZH07. Mauna Loa data March 1958 to April 1974: C. David Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography.",
  "description": "Annual mean carbon dioxide in dry air averaged over NOAA's global network of marine surface sites, since 1979.",
  "dimensions": [],
  "display": {
    "decimals": 2
  },
  "geo_coverage": "global-only",
  "headline_entity": "WLD",
  "id": "co2.noaa-gml.annual-global",
  "kind": "series",
  "latest": {
    "age_bp": null,
    "dims": {},
    "entity": "WLD",
    "period": "2025",
    "status": "preliminary",
    "value": 425.62
  },
  "licence": {
    "name": "Public domain (work of the US federal government)",
    "spdx": null,
    "url": "https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105"
  },
  "licence_class": "open",
  "notes": [],
  "notice": "The NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory greenhouse gas trend values (Mauna Loa carbon dioxide from May 1974, and the global marine surface means) are US Government material and are not subject to copyright protection in the United States.",
  "origins": [
    {"acquisition": "automatic", "artifact_id": "co2-annmean-gl", "bytes": 2513, "citation_full": "Lan, X., Tans, P. and K.W. Thoning: Trends in globally-averaged CO2 determined from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory measurements. Version 2026-09 https://doi.org/10.15138/9N0H-ZH07", "date_accessed": "2026-10-04", "date_published": "2026-09-05", "doi": "10.15138/9N0H-ZH07", "etag": "\"9d1-65af9c4f70378\"", "last_modified": "Tue, 08 Sep 2026 14:44:18 GMT", "licence": {"name": "Public domain (work of the US federal government)", "spdx": null, "url": "https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#105"}, "producer": "NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory", "r2_url": "https://files.environmentdashboard.org/raw/36d6a6dd6bb5db53100d300b35fc6cb5ea6ad8756dd93326f847e4251c70bd14.zst", "sha256": "36d6a6dd6bb5db53100d300b35fc6cb5ea6ad8756dd93326f847e4251c70bd14", "source_id": "noaa-gml-trends", "title": "Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide", "url_download": "https://gml.noaa.gov/webdata/ccgg/trends/co2/co2_annmean_gl.csv", "url_main": "https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/", "version_producer": "2026-09", "wayback_url": null}
  ],
  "processing": [
    {
      "description": "Read co2_annmean_gl.csv, created by NOAA on 5 September 2026. The vintage is the year and month of that creation date, which is how NOAA labels its versions.",
      "inputs": ["36d6a6dd6bb5db53100d300b35fc6cb5ea6ad8756dd93326f847e4251c70bd14"],
      "lock_sha256": "7e110986c30381965c2e6096466c401cbf72bd1b7a828369f6f6c14c909dcbda",
      "script": "pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/air/noaa_co2.py",
      "transform_sha256": "251a10a6dfe1ae295fbdb6147e6456532529e130f3aca2620ef4cfe1cbf91512"
    },
    {
      "description": "Lower and upper are the mean minus and plus NOAA's stated uncertainty, which the file defines as the mean of the standard deviations of 200 Monte Carlo global averages (one standard deviation).",
      "inputs": ["36d6a6dd6bb5db53100d300b35fc6cb5ea6ad8756dd93326f847e4251c70bd14"],
      "lock_sha256": "7e110986c30381965c2e6096466c401cbf72bd1b7a828369f6f6c14c909dcbda",
      "script": "pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/air/noaa_co2.py",
      "transform_sha256": "251a10a6dfe1ae295fbdb6147e6456532529e130f3aca2620ef4cfe1cbf91512"
    },
    {
      "description": "The last year is marked preliminary because the file states that the data for the last year are subject to change.",
      "inputs": ["36d6a6dd6bb5db53100d300b35fc6cb5ea6ad8756dd93326f847e4251c70bd14"],
      "lock_sha256": "7e110986c30381965c2e6096466c401cbf72bd1b7a828369f6f6c14c909dcbda",
      "script": "pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/air/noaa_co2.py",
      "transform_sha256": "251a10a6dfe1ae295fbdb6147e6456532529e130f3aca2620ef4cfe1cbf91512"
    }
  ],
  "published_value": null,
  "schema_version": 1,
  "scope": {
    "baseline": null,
    "basis": "Dry-air mole fraction; NOAA's global marine boundary layer average.",
    "bunkers": null,
    "geography": "Global mean of marine surface sites",
    "gwp": null,
    "lulucf": null
  },
  "superseded_by": null,
  "table": {
    "dims": {},
    "entity": ["WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD", "WLD"],
    "interval": ["1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma", "1sigma"],
    "lower": [336.75, 338.84, 340.03, 340.82, 342.47, 344.0, 345.47, 346.9, 348.58, 351.09, 352.73, 353.99, 355.34, 356.03, 356.76, 358.24, 360.14, 361.89, 362.99, 365.65, 367.73, 368.9, 370.51, 372.54, 375.1, 376.89, 378.93, 381.1, 382.85, 384.98, 386.46, 388.69, 390.56, 392.58, 395.34, 397.28, 399.6, 403.0, 405.15, 407.54, 409.99, 412.37, 414.64, 416.99, 419.25, 422.7, 425.57],
    "period": ["1979", "1980", "1981", "1982", "1983", "1984", "1985", "1986", "1987", "1988", "1989", "1990", "1991", "1992", "1993", "1994", "1995", "1996", "1997", "1998", "1999", "2000", "2001", "2002", "2003", "2004", "2005", "2006", "2007", "2008", "2009", "2010", "2011", "2012", "2013", "2014", "2015", "2016", "2017", "2018", "2019", "2020", "2021", "2022", "2023", "2024", "2025"],
    "status": ["final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "final", "preliminary"],
    "upper": [336.95, 338.98, 340.19, 340.88, 342.59, 344.14, 345.61, 347.04, 348.78, 351.23, 352.85, 354.13, 355.46, 356.15, 356.9, 358.42, 360.22, 361.97, 363.09, 365.75, 367.85, 369.02, 370.61, 372.62, 375.18, 376.99, 379.03, 381.2, 382.95, 385.06, 386.54, 388.81, 390.68, 392.72, 395.46, 397.4, 399.7, 403.14, 405.29, 407.68, 410.15, 412.51, 414.76, 417.17, 419.45, 422.88, 425.67],
    "value": [336.85, 338.91, 340.11, 340.85, 342.53, 344.07, 345.54, 346.97, 348.68, 351.16, 352.79, 354.06, 355.4, 356.09, 356.83, 358.33, 360.18, 361.93, 363.04, 365.7, 367.79, 368.96, 370.56, 372.58, 375.14, 376.94, 378.98, 381.15, 382.9, 385.02, 386.5, 388.75, 390.62, 392.65, 395.4, 397.34, 399.65, 403.07, 405.22, 407.61, 410.07, 412.44, 414.7, 417.08, 419.35, 422.79, 425.62]
  },
  "time_basis": "calendar",
  "title": "Carbon dioxide, global annual mean",
  "unit": {
    "code": "ppm",
    "label": "parts per million",
    "short": "ppm"
  },
  "vintage": "2026-09"
}