{
  "attribution": "Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) surface CO2 system data product, Station ALOHA (J. E. Dore, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa), last updated 2026-01-01; adapted from Dore et al. (2009), Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:12235-12240, doi:10.1073/pnas.0906044106.",
  "description": "Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in surface seawater at Station ALOHA, north of Oahu, for each Hawaii Ocean Time-series cruise since October 1988, in microatmospheres.",
  "dimensions": [],
  "display": {
    "decimals": 1
  },
  "geo_coverage": "global-only",
  "headline_entity": "ALOHA",
  "id": "pco2.hot-aloha.surface-insitu",
  "kind": "series",
  "latest": {
    "age_bp": null,
    "dims": {},
    "entity": "ALOHA",
    "period": "2024-12-20",
    "status": "final",
    "value": 389.9
  },
  "licence": {
    "name": "No licence stated; free and open access with an NSF acknowledgement (HOT data policy)",
    "spdx": null,
    "url": null
  },
  "licence_class": "open",
  "notes": ["HOT notes for this cruise: 10-30 dbar averages used due to transient influence of heavy rainfall on 5 dbar sample (code q).", "HOT notes for this cruise: No DIC data in upper 30 dbar; used value from 34.0 dbar (code e). No TA data in upper 30 dbar; used value from 51.3 dbar (code f).", "HOT notes for this cruise: No DIC or TA data in upper 30 dbar; used values from 34.9 dbar (code m).", "HOT notes for this cruise: No DIC or TA data in upper 30 dbar; used values from 44.9 dbar (code n).", "HOT notes for this cruise: No DIC, TA or pH sampling occurred (code p).", "HOT notes for this cruise: No DIC, TA or pH sampling occurred in upper 200 dbar (code o).", "HOT notes for this cruise: No HOT DIC data; used Keeling DIC (code a).", "HOT notes for this cruise: No HOT DIC data; used Keeling DIC (code a). No HOT TA data; used Keeling TA (code b).", "HOT notes for this cruise: No HOT DIC data; used Keeling DIC (code a). No HOT TA data; used Keeling TA (code b). Used temp and sal data from downcast before cable broke (code g). No phos data; assumed 0.07 (code h). No sil data; assumed 1.04 (code i). Rosette lost; samples collected with Go-flo bottle on Kevlar line (code j).", "HOT notes for this cruise: No HOT TA data; used Keeling TA (code b).", "HOT notes for this cruise: No TA data; assumed nTA of 2303.2 (code d).", "HOT notes for this cruise: No phos data; assumed 0.07 (code h).", "HOT notes for this cruise: No rosette; samples collected with Niskin bottles on Kevlar line (code l).", "HOT notes for this cruise: No sampling occurred (code k).", "HOT notes for this cruise: No sil data; assumed 1.04 (code i)."],
  "notice": "This publication is based upon Hawaii Ocean Time-series observations supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Award #2241005.",
  "origins": [
    {"acquisition": "automatic", "artifact_id": "hot-surface-co2", "bytes": 46975, "citation_full": "Dore, J.E., R. Lukas, D.W. Sadler, M.J. Church, and D.M. Karl. 2009. Physical and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central North Pacific. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:12235-12240.", "date_accessed": "2026-10-05", "date_published": "2026-01-01", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.0906044106", "etag": "\"b77f-647be0be1fe1b\"", "last_modified": "Tue, 06 Jan 2026 20:30:28 GMT", "licence": {"name": "No licence stated; free and open access with an NSF acknowledgement (HOT data policy)", "spdx": null, "url": null}, "producer": "Hawaii Ocean Time-series, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa", "r2_url": "https://files.environmentdashboard.org/raw/4356aa4650188b99f623ac2423e4d5a2af4b189077fd1efd1e2cfd8167161665.zst", "sha256": "4356aa4650188b99f623ac2423e4d5a2af4b189077fd1efd1e2cfd8167161665", "source_id": "hot-aloha", "title": "Hawaii Ocean Time-series surface CO2 system data, Station ALOHA", "url_download": "https://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hotco2/HOT_surface_CO2.txt", "url_main": "https://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hotco2/hotco2.html", "version_producer": "2026-01-01", "wayback_url": null},
    {"acquisition": "automatic", "artifact_id": "readme", "bytes": 573080, "citation_full": "Dore, J.E., R. Lukas, D.W. Sadler, M.J. Church, and D.M. Karl. 2009. Physical and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central North Pacific. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:12235-12240.", "date_accessed": "2026-10-05", "date_published": "2026-01-01", "doi": "10.1073/pnas.0906044106", "etag": "\"8be98-647be0c50f0bc\"", "last_modified": "Tue, 06 Jan 2026 20:30:36 GMT", "licence": {"name": "No licence stated; free and open access with an NSF acknowledgement (HOT data policy)", "spdx": null, "url": null}, "producer": "Hawaii Ocean Time-series, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa", "r2_url": "https://files.environmentdashboard.org/raw/95ebe322ac08c965cc859679cad57bddbe596ebc138ec0381ed787ea9a03ba93.zst", "sha256": "95ebe322ac08c965cc859679cad57bddbe596ebc138ec0381ed787ea9a03ba93", "source_id": "hot-aloha", "title": "Hawaii Ocean Time-series surface CO2 system data, Station ALOHA", "url_download": "https://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hotco2/HOT_surface_CO2_readme.pdf", "url_main": "https://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hotco2/hotco2.html", "version_producer": "2026-01-01", "wayback_url": null}
  ],
  "processing": [
    {
      "description": "Read HOT_surface_CO2.txt, last updated 1 January 2026 (the vintage), and checked that its readme of the same date still defines the columns, the -999 missing marker and the notes codes as read here.",
      "inputs": ["4356aa4650188b99f623ac2423e4d5a2af4b189077fd1efd1e2cfd8167161665", "95ebe322ac08c965cc859679cad57bddbe596ebc138ec0381ed787ea9a03ba93"],
      "lock_sha256": "7e110986c30381965c2e6096466c401cbf72bd1b7a828369f6f6c14c909dcbda",
      "script": "pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/ocean/hot_aloha_co2.py",
      "transform_sha256": "c2648443192ff4296c90a535d2853089cfdde5edad68bd86081289a7db44e582"
    },
    {
      "description": "Published the column pCO2calc_insitu (CO2 partial pressure in µatm calculated from DIC and alkalinity at in situ temperature) for each of the 355 cruises, 1988-10-31 to 2024-12-20, as printed, dated by the cruise's mid-day (1 October 1988 plus the days column). 9 cruises have -999 and are published as missing.",
      "inputs": ["4356aa4650188b99f623ac2423e4d5a2af4b189077fd1efd1e2cfd8167161665", "95ebe322ac08c965cc859679cad57bddbe596ebc138ec0381ed787ea9a03ba93"],
      "lock_sha256": "7e110986c30381965c2e6096466c401cbf72bd1b7a828369f6f6c14c909dcbda",
      "script": "pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/ocean/hot_aloha_co2.py",
      "transform_sha256": "c2648443192ff4296c90a535d2853089cfdde5edad68bd86081289a7db44e582"
    },
    {
      "description": "Each cruise's notes codes are carried as a note in the readme's words, except c, r and s, which concern pH samples only. Nothing is averaged or filled.",
      "inputs": ["4356aa4650188b99f623ac2423e4d5a2af4b189077fd1efd1e2cfd8167161665", "95ebe322ac08c965cc859679cad57bddbe596ebc138ec0381ed787ea9a03ba93"],
      "lock_sha256": "7e110986c30381965c2e6096466c401cbf72bd1b7a828369f6f6c14c909dcbda",
      "script": "pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/ocean/hot_aloha_co2.py",
      "transform_sha256": "c2648443192ff4296c90a535d2853089cfdde5edad68bd86081289a7db44e582"
    }
  ],
  "published_value": null,
  "schema_version": 1,
  "scope": {
    "baseline": null,
    "basis": "Mean of the cruise's 0–30 dbar samples; CO₂ partial pressure at in situ temperature, calculated by HOT with CO2SYS from measured dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity (Mehrbach et al. constants as refit by Dickson and Millero; 10 dbar pressure assumed).",
    "bunkers": null,
    "geography": "Station ALOHA, open North Pacific north of Oahu, Hawaii (22°45′N, 158°00′W); one station",
    "gwp": null,
    "lulucf": null
  },
  "superseded_by": null,
  "table": {
    "dims": {},
    "entity": ["ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA", "ALOHA"],
    "missing_reason": [null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "HOT's file has -999, its missing-value marker, for cruise 21.", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "HOT's file has -999, its missing-value marker, for cruise 48.", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "HOT's file has -999, its missing-value marker, for cruise 192.", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "HOT's file has -999, its missing-value marker, for cruise 207.", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "HOT's file has -999, its missing-value marker, for cruise 218.", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "HOT's file has -999, its missing-value marker, for cruise 228.", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "HOT's file has -999, its missing-value marker, for cruise 276.", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "HOT's file has -999, its missing-value marker, for cruise 299.", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "HOT's file has -999, its missing-value marker, for cruise 308.", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null],
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  },
  "time_basis": "calendar",
  "title": "Seawater carbon dioxide (pCO₂) at Station ALOHA, Hawaii, each cruise",
  "unit": {
    "code": "uatm",
    "label": "microatmospheres",
    "short": "µatm"
  },
  "vintage": "2026-01-01"
}