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Effective radiative forcing by agent, 1750–2025 (IGCC 2025)

Effective radiative forcing: the change in the energy balance at the top of the atmosphere caused by each agent, after the atmosphere has adjusted. Positive values warm the planet, negative values (most aerosols) cool it. Best estimate with the 5–95% range for each year from 1750 to 2025, by greenhouse gas, aerosol and other agents, from Indicators of Global Climate Change 2025. Human-caused agents are counted from zero in 1750; solar and volcanic forcing are IGCC's time series, which do not start from zero in 1750.

Latest value

3.10W/m²

Global mean, 2025. Version IGCC-2025a.

Effective radiative forcing by agent, 1750–2025 (IGCC 2025) (watts per square metre)

4968 values from 1750 to 2025. Lines: Total human-caused, Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total), Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide. The shaded band is the uncertainty range the producer gives.
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Effective radiative forcing by agent, 1750–2025 (IGCC 2025), every value
PeriodAgentValue (W/m²)RangeStatus
1750Total human-caused0.000.00 to 0.00final
1750Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.000.00 to 0.00final
1750Carbon dioxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1750Methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1750Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1750Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1750Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1750Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1750Aerosols (total)0.000.00 to 0.00final
1750Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1750Aerosol–cloud interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1750Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1750Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1750Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1750Natural (solar and volcanic)0.260.20 to 0.32final
1750Solar0.020.01 to 0.03final
1750Volcanic0.230.18 to 0.29final
1750Total (human-caused and natural)0.260.20 to 0.32final
1751Total human-caused0.010.00 to 0.02final
1751Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.000.00 to 0.00final
1751Carbon dioxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1751Methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1751Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1751Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1751Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1751Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1751Aerosols (total)0.000.00 to 0.02final
1751Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1751Aerosol–cloud interactions0.000.00 to 0.02final
1751Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1751Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1751Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1751Natural (solar and volcanic)0.240.18 to 0.31final
1751Solar0.000.00 to 0.00final
1751Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1751Total (human-caused and natural)0.250.19 to 0.31final
1752Total human-caused0.010.00 to 0.04final
1752Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.000.00 to 0.00final
1752Carbon dioxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1752Methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1752Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1752Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1752Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1752Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1752Aerosols (total)0.010.00 to 0.03final
1752Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1752Aerosol–cloud interactions0.010.00 to 0.03final
1752Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1752Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1752Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1752Natural (solar and volcanic)0.230.17 to 0.29final
1752Solar−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1752Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1752Total (human-caused and natural)0.240.18 to 0.31final
1753Total human-caused0.010.01 to 0.03final
1753Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.010.01 to 0.01final
1753Carbon dioxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1753Methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1753Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1753Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1753Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1753Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1753Aerosols (total)0.000.00 to 0.02final
1753Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1753Aerosol–cloud interactions0.000.00 to 0.02final
1753Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1753Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1753Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1753Natural (solar and volcanic)0.070.05 to 0.10final
1753Solar−0.02−0.04 to −0.01final
1753Volcanic0.100.07 to 0.12final
1753Total (human-caused and natural)0.080.06 to 0.11final
1754Total human-caused0.010.00 to 0.01final
1754Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.010.01 to 0.01final
1754Carbon dioxide0.010.00 to 0.01final
1754Methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1754Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1754Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1754Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1754Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1754Aerosols (total)0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1754Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1754Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1754Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1754Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1754Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1754Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.07−0.09 to −0.05final
1754Solar−0.04−0.06 to −0.02final
1754Volcanic−0.03−0.04 to −0.02final
1754Total (human-caused and natural)−0.06−0.09 to −0.04final
1755Total human-caused0.010.01 to 0.02final
1755Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.010.01 to 0.01final
1755Carbon dioxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1755Methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1755Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1755Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1755Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1755Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1755Aerosols (total)0.000.00 to 0.01final
1755Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1755Aerosol–cloud interactions0.000.00 to 0.01final
1755Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1755Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1755Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1755Natural (solar and volcanic)0.060.02 to 0.09final
1755Solar−0.05−0.08 to −0.03final
1755Volcanic0.110.08 to 0.14final
1755Total (human-caused and natural)0.070.03 to 0.11final
1756Total human-caused0.020.01 to 0.03final
1756Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.010.01 to 0.01final
1756Carbon dioxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1756Methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1756Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1756Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1756Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1756Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1756Aerosols (total)0.000.00 to 0.02final
1756Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1756Aerosol–cloud interactions0.000.00 to 0.02final
1756Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1756Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1756Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1756Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.09−0.11 to −0.06final
1756Solar−0.05−0.08 to −0.03final
1756Volcanic−0.03−0.04 to −0.02final
1756Total (human-caused and natural)−0.07−0.10 to −0.04final
1757Total human-caused0.01−0.01 to 0.02final
1757Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.010.01 to 0.02final
1757Carbon dioxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1757Methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1757Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1757Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1757Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1757Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1757Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.03 to 0.00final
1757Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1757Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.03 to 0.00final
1757Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1757Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1757Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1757Natural (solar and volcanic)0.160.11 to 0.21final
1757Solar−0.03−0.05 to −0.01final
1757Volcanic0.190.14 to 0.24final
1757Total (human-caused and natural)0.180.12 to 0.22final
1758Total human-caused0.020.01 to 0.02final
1758Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.020.01 to 0.02final
1758Carbon dioxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1758Methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1758Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1758Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1758Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1758Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1758Aerosols (total)0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1758Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1758Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1758Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1758Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1758Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1758Natural (solar and volcanic)0.230.17 to 0.29final
1758Solar−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1758Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1758Total (human-caused and natural)0.240.18 to 0.30final
1759Total human-caused0.020.01 to 0.02final
1759Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.020.02 to 0.02final
1759Carbon dioxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1759Methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1759Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1759Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1759Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1759Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1759Aerosols (total)0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1759Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1759Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1759Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1759Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1759Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1759Natural (solar and volcanic)0.240.18 to 0.30final
1759Solar0.000.00 to 0.00final
1759Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1759Total (human-caused and natural)0.260.19 to 0.32final
1760Total human-caused0.02−0.01 to 0.02final
1760Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.020.02 to 0.02final
1760Carbon dioxide0.010.01 to 0.02final
1760Methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1760Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1760Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1760Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1760Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1760Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.03 to 0.00final
1760Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1760Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.03 to 0.00final
1760Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1760Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1760Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1760Natural (solar and volcanic)0.090.07 to 0.11final
1760Solar0.000.00 to 0.01final
1760Volcanic0.090.06 to 0.11final
1760Total (human-caused and natural)0.110.07 to 0.13final
1761Total human-caused0.020.00 to 0.03final
1761Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.020.02 to 0.02final
1761Carbon dioxide0.020.01 to 0.02final
1761Methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1761Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1761Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1761Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1761Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1761Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1761Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1761Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1761Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1761Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1761Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1761Natural (solar and volcanic)−1.21−1.52 to −0.90final
1761Solar0.020.01 to 0.04final
1761Volcanic−1.23−1.54 to −0.92final
1761Total (human-caused and natural)−1.19−1.50 to −0.88final
1762Total human-caused0.020.02 to 0.03final
1762Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.020.02 to 0.03final
1762Carbon dioxide0.020.01 to 0.02final
1762Methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1762Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1762Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1762Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1762Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1762Aerosols (total)0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1762Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1762Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1762Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1762Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1762Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1762Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.53−0.66 to −0.39final
1762Solar0.010.00 to 0.01final
1762Volcanic−0.54−0.67 to −0.40final
1762Total (human-caused and natural)−0.51−0.64 to −0.37final
1763Total human-caused0.030.02 to 0.03final
1763Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.030.02 to 0.03final
1763Carbon dioxide0.020.02 to 0.02final
1763Methane0.010.01 to 0.01final
1763Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1763Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1763Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1763Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1763Aerosols (total)0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1763Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1763Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1763Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1763Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1763Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1763Natural (solar and volcanic)0.020.01 to 0.03final
1763Solar−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1763Volcanic0.030.02 to 0.04final
1763Total (human-caused and natural)0.050.03 to 0.06final
1764Total human-caused0.030.03 to 0.07final
1764Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.030.03 to 0.03final
1764Carbon dioxide0.020.02 to 0.02final
1764Methane0.010.01 to 0.01final
1764Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1764Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1764Ozone0.000.00 to 0.00final
1764Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1764Aerosols (total)0.010.00 to 0.04final
1764Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1764Aerosol–cloud interactions0.000.00 to 0.04final
1764Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1764Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1764Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1764Natural (solar and volcanic)0.180.13 to 0.23final
1764Solar−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1764Volcanic0.200.15 to 0.25final
1764Total (human-caused and natural)0.210.17 to 0.27final
1765Total human-caused0.030.01 to 0.03final
1765Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.030.03 to 0.03final
1765Carbon dioxide0.020.02 to 0.02final
1765Methane0.010.01 to 0.01final
1765Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1765Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1765Ozone0.000.00 to 0.01final
1765Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1765Aerosols (total)0.00−0.02 to 0.00final
1765Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1765Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.00final
1765Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1765Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1765Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1765Natural (solar and volcanic)0.200.14 to 0.26final
1765Solar−0.04−0.06 to −0.02final
1765Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1765Total (human-caused and natural)0.230.16 to 0.29final
1766Total human-caused0.030.03 to 0.04final
1766Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.030.03 to 0.04final
1766Carbon dioxide0.020.02 to 0.03final
1766Methane0.010.01 to 0.01final
1766Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1766Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1766Ozone0.000.00 to 0.01final
1766Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1766Aerosols (total)0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1766Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1766Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1766Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1766Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1766Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1766Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.30−0.36 to −0.23final
1766Solar−0.05−0.08 to −0.02final
1766Volcanic−0.25−0.31 to −0.18final
1766Total (human-caused and natural)−0.26−0.33 to −0.20final
1767Total human-caused0.040.03 to 0.04final
1767Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.030.03 to 0.04final
1767Carbon dioxide0.020.02 to 0.03final
1767Methane0.010.01 to 0.01final
1767Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1767Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1767Ozone0.000.00 to 0.01final
1767Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1767Aerosols (total)0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1767Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1767Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1767Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1767Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1767Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1767Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1767Solar−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1767Volcanic0.000.00 to 0.01final
1767Total (human-caused and natural)0.020.01 to 0.03final
1768Total human-caused0.03−0.01 to 0.04final
1768Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.040.03 to 0.04final
1768Carbon dioxide0.030.02 to 0.03final
1768Methane0.010.01 to 0.01final
1768Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1768Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1768Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1768Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1768Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.06 to 0.00final
1768Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1768Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.05 to 0.00final
1768Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1768Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1768Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1768Natural (solar and volcanic)0.220.17 to 0.27final
1768Solar0.020.01 to 0.03final
1768Volcanic0.200.15 to 0.25final
1768Total (human-caused and natural)0.250.18 to 0.30final
1769Total human-caused0.030.01 to 0.04final
1769Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.040.03 to 0.04final
1769Carbon dioxide0.030.02 to 0.03final
1769Methane0.010.01 to 0.01final
1769Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1769Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1769Ozone0.000.00 to 0.01final
1769Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1769Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.03 to 0.00final
1769Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1769Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.03 to 0.00final
1769Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1769Land use0.000.00 to 0.00final
1769Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1769Natural (solar and volcanic)0.120.09 to 0.15final
1769Solar0.050.02 to 0.07final
1769Volcanic0.080.06 to 0.10final
1769Total (human-caused and natural)0.160.12 to 0.19final
1770Total human-caused0.040.01 to 0.05final
1770Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.040.04 to 0.04final
1770Carbon dioxide0.030.02 to 0.03final
1770Methane0.010.01 to 0.01final
1770Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1770Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1770Ozone0.000.00 to 0.01final
1770Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1770Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.03 to 0.00final
1770Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1770Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.03 to 0.00final
1770Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1770Land use0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1770Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1770Natural (solar and volcanic)0.240.19 to 0.30final
1770Solar0.050.02 to 0.07final
1770Volcanic0.190.14 to 0.24final
1770Total (human-caused and natural)0.280.22 to 0.33final
1771Total human-caused0.040.04 to 0.05final
1771Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.040.04 to 0.05final
1771Carbon dioxide0.030.03 to 0.03final
1771Methane0.010.01 to 0.01final
1771Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1771Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1771Ozone0.000.00 to 0.01final
1771Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1771Aerosols (total)0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1771Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1771Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1771Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1771Land use0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1771Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1771Natural (solar and volcanic)0.280.21 to 0.34final
1771Solar0.040.02 to 0.06final
1771Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1771Total (human-caused and natural)0.320.26 to 0.38final
1772Total human-caused0.050.04 to 0.07final
1772Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.040.04 to 0.05final
1772Carbon dioxide0.030.03 to 0.03final
1772Methane0.010.01 to 0.01final
1772Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1772Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1772Ozone0.000.00 to 0.01final
1772Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1772Aerosols (total)0.000.00 to 0.02final
1772Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1772Aerosol–cloud interactions0.000.00 to 0.02final
1772Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1772Land use0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1772Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1772Natural (solar and volcanic)0.270.20 to 0.33final
1772Solar0.020.01 to 0.04final
1772Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.31final
1772Total (human-caused and natural)0.310.25 to 0.38final
1773Total human-caused0.050.04 to 0.07final
1773Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.050.04 to 0.05final
1773Carbon dioxide0.030.03 to 0.04final
1773Methane0.010.01 to 0.01final
1773Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1773Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1773Ozone0.000.00 to 0.01final
1773Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1773Aerosols (total)0.000.00 to 0.02final
1773Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1773Aerosol–cloud interactions0.000.00 to 0.02final
1773Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1773Land use0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1773Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1773Natural (solar and volcanic)0.240.17 to 0.30final
1773Solar−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1773Volcanic0.250.18 to 0.31final
1773Total (human-caused and natural)0.280.22 to 0.35final
1774Total human-caused0.040.01 to 0.05final
1774Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.050.04 to 0.05final
1774Carbon dioxide0.030.03 to 0.04final
1774Methane0.010.01 to 0.01final
1774Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1774Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1774Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1774Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1774Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.04 to 0.00final
1774Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1774Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.04 to 0.00final
1774Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1774Land use0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1774Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1774Natural (solar and volcanic)0.230.16 to 0.29final
1774Solar−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1774Volcanic0.250.18 to 0.31final
1774Total (human-caused and natural)0.270.20 to 0.33final
1775Total human-caused0.050.03 to 0.06final
1775Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.050.04 to 0.05final
1775Carbon dioxide0.040.03 to 0.04final
1775Methane0.010.01 to 0.02final
1775Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1775Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1775Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1775Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1775Aerosols (total)0.00−0.03 to 0.00final
1775Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1775Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.03 to 0.00final
1775Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1775Land use0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1775Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1775Natural (solar and volcanic)0.200.13 to 0.26final
1775Solar−0.05−0.08 to −0.02final
1775Volcanic0.250.18 to 0.31final
1775Total (human-caused and natural)0.250.17 to 0.31final
1776Total human-caused0.050.04 to 0.06final
1776Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.050.05 to 0.06final
1776Carbon dioxide0.040.03 to 0.04final
1776Methane0.010.01 to 0.02final
1776Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1776Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1776Ozone0.000.00 to 0.01final
1776Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1776Aerosols (total)0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1776Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1776Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1776Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1776Land use0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1776Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1776Natural (solar and volcanic)0.210.14 to 0.27final
1776Solar−0.04−0.06 to −0.02final
1776Volcanic0.250.18 to 0.31final
1776Total (human-caused and natural)0.260.19 to 0.32final
1777Total human-caused0.050.02 to 0.06final
1777Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.050.05 to 0.06final
1777Carbon dioxide0.040.03 to 0.04final
1777Methane0.010.01 to 0.02final
1777Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1777Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1777Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1777Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1777Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.04 to 0.00final
1777Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1777Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.04 to 0.00final
1777Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1777Land use0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1777Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1777Natural (solar and volcanic)0.260.20 to 0.32final
1777Solar0.010.00 to 0.02final
1777Volcanic0.250.18 to 0.31final
1777Total (human-caused and natural)0.310.24 to 0.37final
1778Total human-caused0.050.01 to 0.07final
1778Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.060.05 to 0.06final
1778Carbon dioxide0.040.03 to 0.04final
1778Methane0.010.01 to 0.02final
1778Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1778Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1778Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1778Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1778Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.05 to 0.00final
1778Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1778Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.05 to 0.00final
1778Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1778Land use0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1778Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1778Natural (solar and volcanic)0.300.23 to 0.37final
1778Solar0.060.03 to 0.09final
1778Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1778Total (human-caused and natural)0.350.27 to 0.42final
1779Total human-caused0.060.03 to 0.07final
1779Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.060.05 to 0.06final
1779Carbon dioxide0.040.04 to 0.05final
1779Methane0.010.01 to 0.02final
1779Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1779Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1779Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1779Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1779Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.03 to 0.00final
1779Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1779Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.03 to 0.00final
1779Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1779Land use0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1779Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1779Natural (solar and volcanic)0.230.18 to 0.28final
1779Solar0.060.03 to 0.09final
1779Volcanic0.170.13 to 0.21final
1779Total (human-caused and natural)0.290.23 to 0.34final
1780Total human-caused0.050.01 to 0.07final
1780Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.060.05 to 0.07final
1780Carbon dioxide0.040.04 to 0.05final
1780Methane0.020.01 to 0.02final
1780Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1780Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1780Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1780Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1780Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.06 to 0.00final
1780Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1780Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.06 to 0.00final
1780Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1780Land use0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1780Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1780Natural (solar and volcanic)0.260.20 to 0.32final
1780Solar0.040.02 to 0.06final
1780Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1780Total (human-caused and natural)0.310.23 to 0.37final
1781Total human-caused0.060.02 to 0.07final
1781Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.060.06 to 0.07final
1781Carbon dioxide0.040.04 to 0.05final
1781Methane0.020.01 to 0.02final
1781Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1781Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1781Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1781Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1781Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.05 to 0.00final
1781Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1781Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.05 to 0.00final
1781Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1781Land use0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1781Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1781Natural (solar and volcanic)0.270.21 to 0.33final
1781Solar0.030.01 to 0.04final
1781Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1781Total (human-caused and natural)0.330.25 to 0.39final
1782Total human-caused0.060.03 to 0.07final
1782Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.060.06 to 0.07final
1782Carbon dioxide0.050.04 to 0.05final
1782Methane0.020.01 to 0.02final
1782Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1782Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1782Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1782Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1782Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.04 to 0.00final
1782Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1782Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.04 to 0.00final
1782Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1782Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1782Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1782Natural (solar and volcanic)0.240.17 to 0.30final
1782Solar−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1782Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.31final
1782Total (human-caused and natural)0.300.23 to 0.36final
1783Total human-caused0.060.04 to 0.07final
1783Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.070.06 to 0.07final
1783Carbon dioxide0.050.04 to 0.05final
1783Methane0.020.01 to 0.02final
1783Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1783Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1783Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1783Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1783Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.03 to 0.00final
1783Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1783Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.03 to 0.00final
1783Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1783Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1783Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1783Natural (solar and volcanic)−2.11−2.64 to −1.59final
1783Solar−0.02−0.04 to −0.01final
1783Volcanic−2.09−2.62 to −1.56final
1783Total (human-caused and natural)−2.05−2.58 to −1.53final
1784Total human-caused0.070.05 to 0.09final
1784Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.070.06 to 0.07final
1784Carbon dioxide0.050.04 to 0.05final
1784Methane0.020.01 to 0.02final
1784Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1784Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1784Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1784Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1784Aerosols (total)0.00−0.02 to 0.01final
1784Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1784Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.01final
1784Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1784Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1784Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1784Natural (solar and volcanic)−3.11−3.88 to −2.34final
1784Solar−0.05−0.07 to −0.02final
1784Volcanic−3.06−3.83 to −2.29final
1784Total (human-caused and natural)−3.04−3.81 to −2.26final
1785Total human-caused0.070.03 to 0.08final
1785Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.070.06 to 0.08final
1785Carbon dioxide0.050.04 to 0.06final
1785Methane0.020.01 to 0.02final
1785Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1785Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1785Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1785Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1785Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.04 to 0.00final
1785Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1785Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.04 to 0.00final
1785Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1785Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1785Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1785Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.35−0.43 to −0.27final
1785Solar−0.04−0.06 to −0.02final
1785Volcanic−0.31−0.39 to −0.23final
1785Total (human-caused and natural)−0.28−0.37 to −0.20final
1786Total human-caused0.070.04 to 0.08final
1786Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.070.06 to 0.08final
1786Carbon dioxide0.050.04 to 0.06final
1786Methane0.020.01 to 0.02final
1786Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1786Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1786Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1786Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1786Aerosols (total)0.00−0.03 to 0.00final
1786Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1786Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.03 to 0.00final
1786Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1786Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1786Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1786Natural (solar and volcanic)0.040.03 to 0.06final
1786Solar0.010.00 to 0.03final
1786Volcanic0.030.02 to 0.04final
1786Total (human-caused and natural)0.120.09 to 0.13final
1787Total human-caused0.070.03 to 0.08final
1787Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.070.07 to 0.08final
1787Carbon dioxide0.050.05 to 0.06final
1787Methane0.020.01 to 0.02final
1787Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1787Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1787Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1787Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1787Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.04 to 0.00final
1787Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1787Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.04 to 0.00final
1787Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1787Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1787Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1787Natural (solar and volcanic)0.120.09 to 0.15final
1787Solar0.050.02 to 0.08final
1787Volcanic0.070.05 to 0.09final
1787Total (human-caused and natural)0.190.14 to 0.22final
1788Total human-caused0.06−0.01 to 0.09final
1788Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.080.07 to 0.08final
1788Carbon dioxide0.050.05 to 0.06final
1788Methane0.020.02 to 0.02final
1788Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1788Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1788Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1788Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1788Aerosols (total)−0.02−0.09 to 0.00final
1788Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1788Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.02−0.09 to 0.00final
1788Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1788Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1788Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1788Natural (solar and volcanic)0.210.16 to 0.26final
1788Solar0.060.03 to 0.09final
1788Volcanic0.150.11 to 0.19final
1788Total (human-caused and natural)0.280.19 to 0.33final
1789Total human-caused0.070.02 to 0.09final
1789Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.080.07 to 0.09final
1789Carbon dioxide0.060.05 to 0.06final
1789Methane0.020.02 to 0.02final
1789Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1789Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1789Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1789Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1789Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.06 to 0.00final
1789Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1789Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.06 to 0.00final
1789Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1789Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1789Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1789Natural (solar and volcanic)0.270.21 to 0.33final
1789Solar0.050.02 to 0.08final
1789Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1789Total (human-caused and natural)0.340.26 to 0.41final
1790Total human-caused0.070.02 to 0.09final
1790Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.080.07 to 0.09final
1790Carbon dioxide0.060.05 to 0.06final
1790Methane0.020.02 to 0.02final
1790Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1790Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1790Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1790Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1790Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.07 to 0.00final
1790Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1790Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.07 to 0.00final
1790Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1790Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1790Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1790Natural (solar and volcanic)0.040.02 to 0.06final
1790Solar0.030.01 to 0.05final
1790Volcanic0.000.00 to 0.01final
1790Total (human-caused and natural)0.110.05 to 0.14final
1791Total human-caused0.080.05 to 0.09final
1791Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.080.07 to 0.09final
1791Carbon dioxide0.060.05 to 0.06final
1791Methane0.020.02 to 0.02final
1791Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1791Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1791Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1791Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1791Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.04 to 0.00final
1791Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1791Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.04 to 0.00final
1791Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1791Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1791Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1791Natural (solar and volcanic)0.170.13 to 0.21final
1791Solar0.010.00 to 0.03final
1791Volcanic0.160.12 to 0.19final
1791Total (human-caused and natural)0.250.19 to 0.29final
1792Total human-caused0.090.05 to 0.10final
1792Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.080.08 to 0.09final
1792Carbon dioxide0.060.05 to 0.07final
1792Methane0.020.02 to 0.03final
1792Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1792Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1792Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1792Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1792Aerosols (total)0.00−0.03 to 0.00final
1792Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1792Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.04 to 0.00final
1792Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1792Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1792Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1792Natural (solar and volcanic)0.240.18 to 0.30final
1792Solar0.010.00 to 0.02final
1792Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.28final
1792Total (human-caused and natural)0.320.25 to 0.38final
1793Total human-caused0.090.06 to 0.10final
1793Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.090.08 to 0.09final
1793Carbon dioxide0.060.05 to 0.07final
1793Methane0.020.02 to 0.03final
1793Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1793Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1793Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1793Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1793Aerosols (total)0.00−0.03 to 0.00final
1793Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1793Aerosol–cloud interactions0.00−0.03 to 0.00final
1793Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1793Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1793Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1793Natural (solar and volcanic)0.220.17 to 0.28final
1793Solar0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1793Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1793Total (human-caused and natural)0.310.24 to 0.37final
1794Total human-caused0.080.02 to 0.10final
1794Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.090.08 to 0.10final
1794Carbon dioxide0.060.05 to 0.07final
1794Methane0.020.02 to 0.03final
1794Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1794Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1794Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1794Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1794Aerosols (total)−0.02−0.07 to 0.00final
1794Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1794Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.02−0.07 to 0.00final
1794Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1794Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1794Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1794Natural (solar and volcanic)0.220.16 to 0.28final
1794Solar−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1794Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.29final
1794Total (human-caused and natural)0.290.21 to 0.36final
1795Total human-caused0.080.03 to 0.10final
1795Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.090.08 to 0.10final
1795Carbon dioxide0.060.06 to 0.07final
1795Methane0.020.02 to 0.03final
1795Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1795Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1795Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1795Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1795Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.06 to 0.00final
1795Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1795Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.06 to 0.00final
1795Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1795Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1795Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1795Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.19−0.23 to −0.14final
1795Solar−0.04−0.06 to −0.01final
1795Volcanic−0.15−0.19 to −0.11final
1795Total (human-caused and natural)−0.10−0.17 to −0.06final
1796Total human-caused0.090.06 to 0.10final
1796Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.090.08 to 0.10final
1796Carbon dioxide0.060.06 to 0.07final
1796Methane0.020.02 to 0.03final
1796Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1796Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1796Ozone0.010.00 to 0.01final
1796Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1796Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.04 to 0.00final
1796Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1796Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.04 to 0.00final
1796Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1796Land use−0.01−0.01 to 0.00final
1796Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1796Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.03−0.05 to 0.00final
1796Solar−0.04−0.07 to −0.02final
1796Volcanic0.020.01 to 0.02final
1796Total (human-caused and natural)0.060.02 to 0.09final
1797Total human-caused0.090.03 to 0.11final
1797Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.090.08 to 0.10final
1797Carbon dioxide0.070.06 to 0.07final
1797Methane0.020.02 to 0.03final
1797Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1797Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1797Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1797Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1797Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.07 to 0.00final
1797Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1797Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.07 to 0.00final
1797Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1797Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1797Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1797Natural (solar and volcanic)0.090.05 to 0.14final
1797Solar−0.05−0.08 to −0.02final
1797Volcanic0.150.11 to 0.19final
1797Total (human-caused and natural)0.180.11 to 0.23final
1798Total human-caused0.090.02 to 0.11final
1798Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.100.09 to 0.10final
1798Carbon dioxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1798Methane0.020.02 to 0.03final
1798Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1798Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1798Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1798Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1798Aerosols (total)−0.02−0.08 to 0.00final
1798Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.01final
1798Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.02−0.08 to 0.00final
1798Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1798Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1798Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1798Natural (solar and volcanic)0.170.11 to 0.24final
1798Solar−0.06−0.09 to −0.03final
1798Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.29final
1798Total (human-caused and natural)0.260.16 to 0.32final
1799Total human-caused0.090.03 to 0.11final
1799Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.100.09 to 0.11final
1799Carbon dioxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1799Methane0.020.02 to 0.03final
1799Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1799Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1799Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1799Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1799Aerosols (total)−0.02−0.07 to 0.00final
1799Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1799Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.02−0.07 to 0.00final
1799Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1799Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1799Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1799Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.12 to 0.25final
1799Solar−0.06−0.09 to −0.03final
1799Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1799Total (human-caused and natural)0.270.18 to 0.34final
1800Total human-caused0.090.02 to 0.11final
1800Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.100.09 to 0.11final
1800Carbon dioxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1800Methane0.030.02 to 0.03final
1800Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1800Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1800Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1800Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1800Aerosols (total)−0.02−0.08 to 0.00final
1800Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1800Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.02−0.08 to 0.00final
1800Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1800Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1800Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1800Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.13−0.17 to −0.10final
1800Solar−0.04−0.07 to −0.02final
1800Volcanic−0.09−0.11 to −0.07final
1800Total (human-caused and natural)−0.05−0.12 to −0.01final
1801Total human-caused0.090.03 to 0.11final
1801Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.100.09 to 0.11final
1801Carbon dioxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1801Methane0.030.02 to 0.03final
1801Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1801Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1801Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1801Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1801Aerosols (total)−0.02−0.08 to 0.00final
1801Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1801Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.02−0.08 to 0.00final
1801Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1801Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1801Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1801Natural (solar and volcanic)0.150.11 to 0.19final
1801Solar−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1801Volcanic0.160.12 to 0.20final
1801Total (human-caused and natural)0.240.17 to 0.29final
1802Total human-caused0.090.03 to 0.11final
1802Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.100.09 to 0.11final
1802Carbon dioxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1802Methane0.030.02 to 0.03final
1802Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1802Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1802Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1802Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1802Aerosols (total)−0.02−0.07 to 0.00final
1802Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1802Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.02−0.07 to 0.00final
1802Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1802Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1802Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1802Natural (solar and volcanic)0.210.15 to 0.27final
1802Solar−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1802Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1802Total (human-caused and natural)0.300.22 to 0.36final
1803Total human-caused0.100.05 to 0.12final
1803Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.110.09 to 0.12final
1803Carbon dioxide0.070.07 to 0.08final
1803Methane0.030.02 to 0.03final
1803Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1803Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1803Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1803Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1803Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.06 to 0.00final
1803Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.00final
1803Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.06 to 0.00final
1803Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1803Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1803Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.00final
1803Natural (solar and volcanic)0.220.16 to 0.28final
1803Solar−0.02−0.03 to 0.00final
1803Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1803Total (human-caused and natural)0.320.24 to 0.38final
1804Total human-caused0.100.05 to 0.12final
1804Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.110.10 to 0.12final
1804Carbon dioxide0.080.07 to 0.09final
1804Methane0.030.02 to 0.03final
1804Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1804Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1804Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1804Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1804Aerosols (total)−0.01−0.06 to 0.00final
1804Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.01final
1804Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.01−0.06 to 0.00final
1804Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1804Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1804Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1804Natural (solar and volcanic)0.230.16 to 0.29final
1804Solar−0.01−0.03 to 0.00final
1804Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1804Total (human-caused and natural)0.330.25 to 0.39final
1805Total human-caused0.100.03 to 0.12final
1805Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.110.10 to 0.12final
1805Carbon dioxide0.080.07 to 0.09final
1805Methane0.030.02 to 0.03final
1805Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1805Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1805Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1805Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1805Aerosols (total)−0.02−0.08 to 0.00final
1805Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.00final
1805Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.02−0.08 to 0.00final
1805Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1805Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1805Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1805Natural (solar and volcanic)0.130.09 to 0.18final
1805Solar−0.02−0.03 to 0.00final
1805Volcanic0.150.11 to 0.19final
1805Total (human-caused and natural)0.230.15 to 0.28final
1806Total human-caused0.100.04 to 0.12final
1806Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.110.10 to 0.12final
1806Carbon dioxide0.080.07 to 0.09final
1806Methane0.030.02 to 0.03final
1806Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1806Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1806Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1806Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1806Aerosols (total)−0.02−0.08 to 0.00final
1806Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.01final
1806Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.02−0.08 to 0.00final
1806Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1806Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1806Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1806Natural (solar and volcanic)0.200.14 to 0.26final
1806Solar−0.03−0.05 to −0.01final
1806Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.28final
1806Total (human-caused and natural)0.300.21 to 0.36final
1807Total human-caused0.100.03 to 0.13final
1807Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.110.10 to 0.12final
1807Carbon dioxide0.080.07 to 0.09final
1807Methane0.030.02 to 0.03final
1807Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1807Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1807Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1807Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1807Aerosols (total)−0.02−0.09 to 0.00final
1807Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1807Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.02−0.09 to 0.00final
1807Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1807Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1807Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1807Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.13 to 0.26final
1807Solar−0.05−0.08 to −0.02final
1807Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1807Total (human-caused and natural)0.290.20 to 0.36final
1808Total human-caused0.09−0.01 to 0.13final
1808Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.110.10 to 0.13final
1808Carbon dioxide0.080.07 to 0.09final
1808Methane0.030.02 to 0.03final
1808Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1808Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1808Ozone0.020.01 to 0.02final
1808Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1808Aerosols (total)−0.03−0.13 to 0.00final
1808Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1808Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.03−0.13 to 0.00final
1808Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1808Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1808Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1808Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.12 to 0.26final
1808Solar−0.05−0.09 to −0.02final
1808Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.31final
1808Total (human-caused and natural)0.280.16 to 0.36final
1809Total human-caused0.100.01 to 0.13final
1809Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.120.11 to 0.13final
1809Carbon dioxide0.080.07 to 0.09final
1809Methane0.030.02 to 0.04final
1809Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.00final
1809Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1809Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1809Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1809Aerosols (total)−0.02−0.11 to 0.00final
1809Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1809Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.02−0.11 to 0.00final
1809Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1809Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1809Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1809Natural (solar and volcanic)−3.48−4.34 to −2.62final
1809Solar−0.06−0.09 to −0.03final
1809Volcanic−3.42−4.28 to −2.56final
1809Total (human-caused and natural)−3.38−4.25 to −2.53final
1810Total human-caused0.100.01 to 0.13final
1810Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.120.11 to 0.13final
1810Carbon dioxide0.080.07 to 0.09final
1810Methane0.030.02 to 0.04final
1810Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.01final
1810Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1810Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1810Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1810Aerosols (total)−0.03−0.12 to 0.00final
1810Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1810Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.03−0.12 to 0.00final
1810Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1810Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1810Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1810Natural (solar and volcanic)−4.05−5.06 to −3.05final
1810Solar−0.07−0.10 to −0.03final
1810Volcanic−3.99−4.99 to −2.98final
1810Total (human-caused and natural)−3.96−4.97 to −2.96final
1811Total human-caused0.110.03 to 0.13final
1811Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.120.11 to 0.13final
1811Carbon dioxide0.090.08 to 0.10final
1811Methane0.030.02 to 0.04final
1811Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.01final
1811Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1811Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1811Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1811Aerosols (total)−0.02−0.10 to 0.00final
1811Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1811Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.02−0.10 to 0.00final
1811Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1811Land use−0.01−0.02 to 0.00final
1811Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1811Natural (solar and volcanic)−1.71−2.12 to −1.29final
1811Solar−0.07−0.10 to −0.03final
1811Volcanic−1.64−2.05 to −1.23final
1811Total (human-caused and natural)−1.60−2.03 to −1.19final
1812Total human-caused0.110.04 to 0.14final
1812Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.120.11 to 0.13final
1812Carbon dioxide0.090.08 to 0.10final
1812Methane0.030.02 to 0.04final
1812Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.01final
1812Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1812Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1812Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1812Aerosols (total)−0.02−0.08 to 0.00final
1812Aerosol–radiation interactions0.000.00 to 0.01final
1812Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.02−0.08 to 0.00final
1812Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1812Land use−0.01−0.02 to −0.01final
1812Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1812Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.84−1.04 to −0.64final
1812Solar−0.06−0.09 to −0.03final
1812Volcanic−0.78−0.98 to −0.58final
1812Total (human-caused and natural)−0.73−0.94 to −0.53final
1813Total human-caused0.110.04 to 0.14final
1813Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.120.11 to 0.14final
1813Carbon dioxide0.090.08 to 0.10final
1813Methane0.030.03 to 0.04final
1813Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.01final
1813Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1813Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1813Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1813Aerosols (total)−0.02−0.09 to 0.00final
1813Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1813Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.02−0.09 to 0.00final
1813Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1813Land use−0.02−0.02 to −0.01final
1813Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1813Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.79−0.98 to −0.60final
1813Solar−0.05−0.08 to −0.02final
1813Volcanic−0.74−0.93 to −0.55final
1813Total (human-caused and natural)−0.68−0.89 to −0.50final
1814Total human-caused0.100.00 to 0.14final
1814Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.130.11 to 0.14final
1814Carbon dioxide0.090.08 to 0.10final
1814Methane0.030.03 to 0.04final
1814Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.01final
1814Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1814Ozone0.020.01 to 0.02final
1814Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1814Aerosols (total)−0.03−0.13 to 0.00final
1814Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1814Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.03−0.13 to 0.00final
1814Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1814Land use−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1814Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1814Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.88−1.09 to −0.67final
1814Solar−0.05−0.07 to −0.02final
1814Volcanic−0.83−1.04 to −0.62final
1814Total (human-caused and natural)−0.78−1.02 to −0.57final
1815Total human-caused0.110.01 to 0.14final
1815Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.130.12 to 0.14final
1815Carbon dioxide0.090.08 to 0.10final
1815Methane0.030.03 to 0.04final
1815Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.01final
1815Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1815Ozone0.020.01 to 0.02final
1815Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1815Aerosols (total)−0.03−0.12 to 0.00final
1815Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1815Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.03−0.12 to 0.00final
1815Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1815Land use−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1815Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1815Natural (solar and volcanic)−3.12−3.90 to −2.34final
1815Solar−0.03−0.05 to −0.01final
1815Volcanic−3.09−3.87 to −2.31final
1815Total (human-caused and natural)−3.01−3.81 to −2.25final
1816Total human-caused0.110.02 to 0.14final
1816Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.130.12 to 0.14final
1816Carbon dioxide0.090.08 to 0.10final
1816Methane0.030.03 to 0.04final
1816Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.01final
1816Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1816Ozone0.010.01 to 0.02final
1816Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1816Aerosols (total)−0.03−0.11 to 0.00final
1816Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1816Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.03−0.11 to 0.00final
1816Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1816Land use−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1816Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1816Natural (solar and volcanic)−5.77−7.22 to −4.32final
1816Solar−0.01−0.03 to 0.01final
1816Volcanic−5.76−7.21 to −4.31final
1816Total (human-caused and natural)−5.66−7.12 to −4.22final
1817Total human-caused0.110.01 to 0.15final
1817Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.130.12 to 0.15final
1817Carbon dioxide0.090.08 to 0.11final
1817Methane0.030.03 to 0.04final
1817Nitrous oxide0.000.00 to 0.01final
1817Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1817Ozone0.020.01 to 0.02final
1817Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1817Aerosols (total)−0.03−0.13 to 0.00final
1817Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1817Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.03−0.13 to 0.00final
1817Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1817Land use−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1817Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1817Natural (solar and volcanic)−4.21−5.27 to −3.15final
1817Solar−0.01−0.03 to 0.00final
1817Volcanic−4.20−5.25 to −3.14final
1817Total (human-caused and natural)−4.10−5.17 to −3.06final
1818Total human-caused0.11−0.01 to 0.15final
1818Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.130.12 to 0.15final
1818Carbon dioxide0.100.08 to 0.11final
1818Methane0.030.03 to 0.04final
1818Nitrous oxide0.010.00 to 0.01final
1818Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1818Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1818Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1818Aerosols (total)−0.03−0.15 to 0.00final
1818Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1818Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.03−0.15 to 0.00final
1818Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1818Land use−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1818Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.01final
1818Natural (solar and volcanic)−2.31−2.89 to −1.74final
1818Solar−0.02−0.04 to 0.00final
1818Volcanic−2.29−2.87 to −1.71final
1818Total (human-caused and natural)−2.21−2.81 to −1.64final
1819Total human-caused0.110.00 to 0.15final
1819Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.140.12 to 0.15final
1819Carbon dioxide0.100.09 to 0.11final
1819Methane0.030.03 to 0.04final
1819Nitrous oxide0.010.00 to 0.01final
1819Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1819Ozone0.020.01 to 0.02final
1819Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1819Aerosols (total)−0.03−0.14 to 0.00final
1819Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1819Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.03−0.14 to 0.00final
1819Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1819Land use−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1819Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1819Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.78−0.97 to −0.59final
1819Solar−0.03−0.05 to −0.01final
1819Volcanic−0.75−0.94 to −0.56final
1819Total (human-caused and natural)−0.67−0.90 to −0.48final
1820Total human-caused0.11−0.02 to 0.15final
1820Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.140.12 to 0.15final
1820Carbon dioxide0.100.09 to 0.11final
1820Methane0.030.03 to 0.04final
1820Nitrous oxide0.010.00 to 0.01final
1820Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1820Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1820Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1820Aerosols (total)−0.04−0.16 to 0.00final
1820Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1820Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.04−0.16 to 0.00final
1820Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1820Land use−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1820Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1820Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.05−0.08 to −0.03final
1820Solar−0.04−0.07 to −0.02final
1820Volcanic−0.01−0.01 to −0.01final
1820Total (human-caused and natural)0.05−0.07 to 0.11final
1821Total human-caused0.11−0.01 to 0.15final
1821Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.140.13 to 0.15final
1821Carbon dioxide0.100.09 to 0.11final
1821Methane0.040.03 to 0.04final
1821Nitrous oxide0.010.00 to 0.01final
1821Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1821Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1821Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1821Aerosols (total)−0.04−0.16 to 0.00final
1821Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1821Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.04−0.16 to 0.00final
1821Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1821Land use−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1821Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.01final
1821Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.01−0.04 to 0.03final
1821Solar−0.05−0.09 to −0.02final
1821Volcanic0.050.04 to 0.06final
1821Total (human-caused and natural)0.10−0.02 to 0.16final
1822Total human-caused0.110.00 to 0.15final
1822Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.140.13 to 0.16final
1822Carbon dioxide0.100.09 to 0.11final
1822Methane0.040.03 to 0.04final
1822Nitrous oxide0.010.00 to 0.01final
1822Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1822Ozone0.020.01 to 0.02final
1822Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.00final
1822Aerosols (total)−0.03−0.15 to 0.00final
1822Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1822Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.03−0.15 to 0.00final
1822Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1822Land use−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1822Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1822Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.02−0.06 to 0.01final
1822Solar−0.06−0.09 to −0.02final
1822Volcanic0.040.03 to 0.05final
1822Total (human-caused and natural)0.09−0.03 to 0.15final
1823Total human-caused0.120.01 to 0.16final
1823Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.140.13 to 0.16final
1823Carbon dioxide0.100.09 to 0.11final
1823Methane0.040.03 to 0.04final
1823Nitrous oxide0.010.00 to 0.01final
1823Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1823Ozone0.020.01 to 0.02final
1823Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1823Aerosols (total)−0.03−0.13 to 0.00final
1823Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1823Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.03−0.13 to 0.00final
1823Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1823Land use−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1823Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1823Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.50−0.61 to −0.38final
1823Solar−0.06−0.10 to −0.03final
1823Volcanic−0.43−0.54 to −0.32final
1823Total (human-caused and natural)−0.38−0.54 to −0.26final
1824Total human-caused0.120.01 to 0.16final
1824Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.150.13 to 0.16final
1824Carbon dioxide0.100.09 to 0.12final
1824Methane0.040.03 to 0.04final
1824Nitrous oxide0.010.00 to 0.01final
1824Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1824Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1824Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1824Aerosols (total)−0.03−0.14 to 0.00final
1824Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1824Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.03−0.14 to 0.00final
1824Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1824Land use−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1824Black carbon on snow and ice0.000.00 to 0.01final
1824Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.11−0.15 to −0.07final
1824Solar−0.06−0.09 to −0.02final
1824Volcanic−0.05−0.07 to −0.04final
1824Total (human-caused and natural)0.01−0.11 to 0.06final
1825Total human-caused0.12−0.01 to 0.16final
1825Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.150.13 to 0.16final
1825Carbon dioxide0.110.09 to 0.12final
1825Methane0.040.03 to 0.04final
1825Nitrous oxide0.010.00 to 0.01final
1825Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1825Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1825Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1825Aerosols (total)−0.04−0.16 to 0.00final
1825Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1825Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.04−0.16 to 0.00final
1825Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1825Land use−0.02−0.03 to −0.01final
1825Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.01final
1825Natural (solar and volcanic)0.030.00 to 0.07final
1825Solar−0.04−0.07 to −0.01final
1825Volcanic0.080.06 to 0.10final
1825Total (human-caused and natural)0.150.02 to 0.21final
1826Total human-caused0.120.00 to 0.16final
1826Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.150.14 to 0.17final
1826Carbon dioxide0.110.09 to 0.12final
1826Methane0.040.03 to 0.05final
1826Nitrous oxide0.010.00 to 0.01final
1826Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1826Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1826Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1826Aerosols (total)−0.03−0.15 to 0.00final
1826Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1826Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.03−0.15 to 0.00final
1826Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1826Land use−0.02−0.04 to −0.01final
1826Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.01final
1826Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.13 to 0.24final
1826Solar−0.02−0.04 to 0.00final
1826Volcanic0.210.15 to 0.26final
1826Total (human-caused and natural)0.310.18 to 0.38final
1827Total human-caused0.12−0.01 to 0.16final
1827Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.150.14 to 0.17final
1827Carbon dioxide0.110.10 to 0.12final
1827Methane0.040.03 to 0.05final
1827Nitrous oxide0.010.00 to 0.01final
1827Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1827Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1827Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1827Aerosols (total)−0.04−0.17 to 0.00final
1827Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1827Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.04−0.17 to −0.01final
1827Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1827Land use−0.02−0.04 to −0.01final
1827Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.01final
1827Natural (solar and volcanic)0.220.16 to 0.28final
1827Solar0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1827Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1827Total (human-caused and natural)0.340.20 to 0.41final
1828Total human-caused0.11−0.05 to 0.17final
1828Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.150.14 to 0.17final
1828Carbon dioxide0.110.10 to 0.12final
1828Methane0.040.03 to 0.05final
1828Nitrous oxide0.010.00 to 0.01final
1828Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1828Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1828Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1828Aerosols (total)−0.05−0.21 to 0.00final
1828Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1828Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.05−0.21 to −0.01final
1828Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1828Land use−0.02−0.04 to −0.01final
1828Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1828Natural (solar and volcanic)0.180.13 to 0.22final
1828Solar0.01−0.01 to 0.03final
1828Volcanic0.170.12 to 0.21final
1828Total (human-caused and natural)0.290.12 to 0.36final
1829Total human-caused0.12−0.03 to 0.17final
1829Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.160.14 to 0.17final
1829Carbon dioxide0.110.10 to 0.12final
1829Methane0.040.03 to 0.05final
1829Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1829Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1829Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1829Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1829Aerosols (total)−0.04−0.19 to 0.00final
1829Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1829Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.04−0.19 to −0.01final
1829Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1829Land use−0.02−0.04 to −0.01final
1829Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.01final
1829Natural (solar and volcanic)0.200.15 to 0.25final
1829Solar0.020.00 to 0.04final
1829Volcanic0.180.14 to 0.23final
1829Total (human-caused and natural)0.320.16 to 0.39final
1830Total human-caused0.11−0.04 to 0.17final
1830Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.160.14 to 0.17final
1830Carbon dioxide0.110.10 to 0.13final
1830Methane0.040.03 to 0.05final
1830Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1830Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1830Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1830Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1830Aerosols (total)−0.05−0.21 to 0.00final
1830Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1830Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.05−0.20 to −0.01final
1830Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1830Land use−0.02−0.04 to −0.01final
1830Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1830Natural (solar and volcanic)0.250.19 to 0.31final
1830Solar0.020.00 to 0.05final
1830Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.29final
1830Total (human-caused and natural)0.370.20 to 0.45final
1831Total human-caused0.12−0.02 to 0.17final
1831Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.160.14 to 0.18final
1831Carbon dioxide0.110.10 to 0.13final
1831Methane0.040.03 to 0.05final
1831Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1831Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1831Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1831Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1831Aerosols (total)−0.04−0.18 to 0.00final
1831Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1831Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.04−0.18 to −0.01final
1831Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1831Land use−0.02−0.04 to −0.01final
1831Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.01final
1831Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.54−0.68 to −0.40final
1831Solar0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1831Volcanic−0.54−0.68 to −0.40final
1831Total (human-caused and natural)−0.42−0.61 to −0.27final
1832Total human-caused0.13−0.01 to 0.17final
1832Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.160.15 to 0.18final
1832Carbon dioxide0.120.10 to 0.13final
1832Methane0.040.03 to 0.05final
1832Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1832Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1832Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1832Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1832Aerosols (total)−0.04−0.17 to 0.00final
1832Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1832Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.04−0.17 to −0.01final
1832Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1832Land use−0.03−0.04 to −0.01final
1832Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.01final
1832Natural (solar and volcanic)−2.87−3.59 to −2.15final
1832Solar−0.02−0.05 to 0.00final
1832Volcanic−2.85−3.56 to −2.13final
1832Total (human-caused and natural)−2.74−3.49 to −2.04final
1833Total human-caused0.12−0.02 to 0.17final
1833Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.160.15 to 0.18final
1833Carbon dioxide0.120.10 to 0.13final
1833Methane0.040.03 to 0.05final
1833Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1833Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1833Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1833Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1833Aerosols (total)−0.04−0.18 to 0.00final
1833Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1833Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.04−0.18 to −0.01final
1833Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1833Land use−0.03−0.04 to −0.01final
1833Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.01final
1833Natural (solar and volcanic)−1.35−1.68 to −1.02final
1833Solar−0.05−0.08 to −0.02final
1833Volcanic−1.30−1.63 to −0.97final
1833Total (human-caused and natural)−1.22−1.59 to −0.90final
1834Total human-caused0.12−0.05 to 0.18final
1834Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.170.15 to 0.18final
1834Carbon dioxide0.120.10 to 0.13final
1834Methane0.040.03 to 0.05final
1834Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1834Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1834Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1834Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1834Aerosols (total)−0.05−0.22 to 0.00final
1834Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.01final
1834Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.05−0.22 to −0.01final
1834Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1834Land use−0.03−0.04 to −0.01final
1834Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1834Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.21−0.27 to −0.16final
1834Solar−0.05−0.08 to −0.02final
1834Volcanic−0.17−0.21 to −0.13final
1834Total (human-caused and natural)−0.10−0.28 to −0.02final
1835Total human-caused0.12−0.04 to 0.18final
1835Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.170.15 to 0.18final
1835Carbon dioxide0.120.10 to 0.13final
1835Methane0.040.03 to 0.05final
1835Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1835Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1835Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1835Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1835Aerosols (total)−0.05−0.21 to 0.00final
1835Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1835Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.05−0.21 to −0.01final
1835Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1835Land use−0.03−0.05 to −0.01final
1835Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1835Natural (solar and volcanic)−1.99−2.49 to −1.49final
1835Solar−0.01−0.03 to 0.01final
1835Volcanic−1.98−2.48 to −1.48final
1835Total (human-caused and natural)−1.87−2.40 to −1.38final
1836Total human-caused0.12−0.04 to 0.18final
1836Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.170.15 to 0.19final
1836Carbon dioxide0.120.11 to 0.14final
1836Methane0.040.03 to 0.05final
1836Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1836Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1836Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1836Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1836Aerosols (total)−0.05−0.21 to 0.00final
1836Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.01 to 0.01final
1836Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.05−0.21 to −0.01final
1836Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1836Land use−0.03−0.05 to −0.01final
1836Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1836Natural (solar and volcanic)−1.90−2.38 to −1.41final
1836Solar0.050.01 to 0.08final
1836Volcanic−1.94−2.43 to −1.45final
1836Total (human-caused and natural)−1.78−2.30 to −1.29final
1837Total human-caused0.12−0.05 to 0.18final
1837Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.170.15 to 0.19final
1837Carbon dioxide0.120.11 to 0.14final
1837Methane0.040.03 to 0.05final
1837Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1837Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1837Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1837Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1837Aerosols (total)−0.05−0.23 to 0.00final
1837Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.01final
1837Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.05−0.22 to −0.01final
1837Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1837Land use−0.03−0.05 to −0.01final
1837Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1837Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.44−0.57 to −0.30final
1837Solar0.070.03 to 0.11final
1837Volcanic−0.51−0.63 to −0.38final
1837Total (human-caused and natural)−0.31−0.53 to −0.17final
1838Total human-caused0.12−0.07 to 0.18final
1838Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.170.16 to 0.19final
1838Carbon dioxide0.120.11 to 0.14final
1838Methane0.040.03 to 0.05final
1838Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1838Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1838Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1838Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1838Aerosols (total)−0.06−0.25 to 0.00final
1838Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1838Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.06−0.25 to −0.01final
1838Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1838Land use−0.03−0.05 to −0.01final
1838Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1838Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.43−0.56 to −0.31final
1838Solar0.040.01 to 0.08final
1838Volcanic−0.48−0.60 to −0.36final
1838Total (human-caused and natural)−0.31−0.54 to −0.17final
1839Total human-caused0.12−0.06 to 0.18final
1839Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.180.16 to 0.19final
1839Carbon dioxide0.120.11 to 0.14final
1839Methane0.040.04 to 0.05final
1839Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1839Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1839Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1839Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1839Aerosols (total)−0.06−0.24 to −0.01final
1839Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1839Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.06−0.24 to −0.01final
1839Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1839Land use−0.03−0.05 to −0.01final
1839Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1839Natural (solar and volcanic)0.050.02 to 0.08final
1839Solar0.030.01 to 0.06final
1839Volcanic0.020.01 to 0.02final
1839Total (human-caused and natural)0.17−0.01 to 0.24final
1840Total human-caused0.12−0.06 to 0.18final
1840Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.180.16 to 0.20final
1840Carbon dioxide0.130.11 to 0.14final
1840Methane0.040.04 to 0.05final
1840Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1840Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1840Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1840Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1840Aerosols (total)−0.06−0.24 to −0.01final
1840Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.01final
1840Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.06−0.24 to −0.01final
1840Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1840Land use−0.03−0.05 to −0.01final
1840Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1840Natural (solar and volcanic)0.210.16 to 0.27final
1840Solar0.01−0.01 to 0.04final
1840Volcanic0.200.15 to 0.25final
1840Total (human-caused and natural)0.330.14 to 0.42final
1841Total human-caused0.12−0.08 to 0.19final
1841Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.180.16 to 0.20final
1841Carbon dioxide0.130.11 to 0.14final
1841Methane0.050.04 to 0.05final
1841Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1841Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1841Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1841Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1841Aerosols (total)−0.06−0.26 to −0.01final
1841Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1841Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.06−0.26 to −0.01final
1841Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1841Land use−0.03−0.05 to −0.01final
1841Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1841Natural (solar and volcanic)0.230.16 to 0.29final
1841Solar−0.01−0.04 to 0.01final
1841Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1841Total (human-caused and natural)0.340.14 to 0.44final
1842Total human-caused0.12−0.07 to 0.19final
1842Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.180.16 to 0.20final
1842Carbon dioxide0.130.11 to 0.14final
1842Methane0.050.04 to 0.05final
1842Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1842Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1842Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1842Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1842Aerosols (total)−0.06−0.25 to −0.01final
1842Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.01final
1842Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.06−0.24 to −0.01final
1842Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1842Land use−0.03−0.05 to −0.01final
1842Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1842Natural (solar and volcanic)0.220.15 to 0.28final
1842Solar−0.03−0.05 to 0.00final
1842Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.31final
1842Total (human-caused and natural)0.340.14 to 0.43final
1843Total human-caused0.13−0.04 to 0.19final
1843Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.180.17 to 0.20final
1843Carbon dioxide0.130.11 to 0.15final
1843Methane0.050.04 to 0.06final
1843Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1843Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1843Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1843Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1843Aerosols (total)−0.06−0.22 to −0.01final
1843Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.01final
1843Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.06−0.22 to −0.01final
1843Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1843Land use−0.03−0.05 to −0.01final
1843Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1843Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.19−0.24 to −0.14final
1843Solar−0.04−0.08 to −0.01final
1843Volcanic−0.15−0.18 to −0.11final
1843Total (human-caused and natural)−0.07−0.24 to 0.01final
1844Total human-caused0.13−0.05 to 0.19final
1844Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.190.17 to 0.20final
1844Carbon dioxide0.130.12 to 0.15final
1844Methane0.050.04 to 0.06final
1844Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1844Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1844Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1844Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1844Aerosols (total)−0.06−0.23 to −0.01final
1844Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1844Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.06−0.23 to −0.01final
1844Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1844Land use−0.03−0.06 to −0.01final
1844Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1844Natural (solar and volcanic)0.03−0.01 to 0.07final
1844Solar−0.04−0.08 to −0.01final
1844Volcanic0.070.06 to 0.09final
1844Total (human-caused and natural)0.16−0.02 to 0.23final
1845Total human-caused0.12−0.07 to 0.19final
1845Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.190.17 to 0.21final
1845Carbon dioxide0.130.12 to 0.15final
1845Methane0.050.04 to 0.06final
1845Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1845Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1845Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1845Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1845Aerosols (total)−0.07−0.26 to −0.01final
1845Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1845Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.06−0.26 to −0.01final
1845Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1845Land use−0.04−0.06 to −0.01final
1845Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1845Natural (solar and volcanic)0.110.07 to 0.15final
1845Solar−0.02−0.05 to 0.01final
1845Volcanic0.130.10 to 0.17final
1845Total (human-caused and natural)0.230.03 to 0.32final
1846Total human-caused0.13−0.06 to 0.19final
1846Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.190.17 to 0.21final
1846Carbon dioxide0.130.12 to 0.15final
1846Methane0.050.04 to 0.06final
1846Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1846Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1846Ozone0.020.01 to 0.03final
1846Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1846Aerosols (total)−0.06−0.25 to −0.01final
1846Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1846Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.06−0.25 to −0.01final
1846Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1846Land use−0.04−0.06 to −0.01final
1846Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1846Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.40−0.51 to −0.30final
1846Solar0.00−0.02 to 0.03final
1846Volcanic−0.40−0.51 to −0.30final
1846Total (human-caused and natural)−0.28−0.49 to −0.15final
1847Total human-caused0.12−0.09 to 0.20final
1847Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.190.17 to 0.21final
1847Carbon dioxide0.140.12 to 0.15final
1847Methane0.050.04 to 0.06final
1847Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1847Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1847Ozone0.020.01 to 0.04final
1847Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1847Aerosols (total)−0.07−0.28 to −0.01final
1847Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1847Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.07−0.28 to −0.01final
1847Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1847Land use−0.04−0.06 to −0.01final
1847Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1847Natural (solar and volcanic)0.050.02 to 0.08final
1847Solar0.030.00 to 0.06final
1847Volcanic0.030.02 to 0.03final
1847Total (human-caused and natural)0.17−0.04 to 0.26final
1848Total human-caused0.11−0.12 to 0.20final
1848Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.190.17 to 0.21final
1848Carbon dioxide0.140.12 to 0.15final
1848Methane0.050.04 to 0.06final
1848Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1848Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1848Ozone0.030.01 to 0.04final
1848Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1848Aerosols (total)−0.08−0.32 to −0.01final
1848Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1848Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.08−0.31 to −0.01final
1848Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1848Land use−0.04−0.06 to −0.01final
1848Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1848Natural (solar and volcanic)0.250.19 to 0.32final
1848Solar0.050.02 to 0.09final
1848Volcanic0.200.15 to 0.25final
1848Total (human-caused and natural)0.370.12 to 0.48final
1849Total human-caused0.12−0.11 to 0.20final
1849Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.190.18 to 0.21final
1849Carbon dioxide0.140.12 to 0.16final
1849Methane0.050.04 to 0.06final
1849Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1849Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1849Ozone0.030.01 to 0.04final
1849Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1849Aerosols (total)−0.08−0.30 to −0.01final
1849Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1849Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.08−0.30 to −0.01final
1849Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1849Land use−0.04−0.06 to −0.01final
1849Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1849Natural (solar and volcanic)0.280.21 to 0.35final
1849Solar0.050.01 to 0.08final
1849Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1849Total (human-caused and natural)0.400.16 to 0.51final
1850Total human-caused0.11−0.12 to 0.20final
1850Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.200.18 to 0.22final
1850Carbon dioxide0.140.12 to 0.16final
1850Methane0.050.04 to 0.06final
1850Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1850Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1850Ozone0.030.01 to 0.04final
1850Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1850Aerosols (total)−0.08−0.32 to −0.01final
1850Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1850Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.08−0.31 to −0.01final
1850Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1850Land use−0.04−0.06 to −0.01final
1850Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1850Natural (solar and volcanic)0.270.20 to 0.34final
1850Solar0.020.00 to 0.05final
1850Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.31final
1850Total (human-caused and natural)0.380.14 to 0.49final
1851Total human-caused0.12−0.09 to 0.20final
1851Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.200.18 to 0.22final
1851Carbon dioxide0.140.13 to 0.16final
1851Methane0.050.04 to 0.06final
1851Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1851Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1851Ozone0.020.01 to 0.04final
1851Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1851Aerosols (total)−0.07−0.29 to −0.01final
1851Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1851Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.07−0.28 to −0.01final
1851Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1851Land use−0.04−0.07 to −0.01final
1851Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1851Natural (solar and volcanic)0.260.19 to 0.33final
1851Solar0.02−0.01 to 0.04final
1851Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.31final
1851Total (human-caused and natural)0.380.16 to 0.49final
1852Total human-caused0.13−0.08 to 0.20final
1852Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.200.18 to 0.22final
1852Carbon dioxide0.150.13 to 0.16final
1852Methane0.050.04 to 0.06final
1852Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1852Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1852Ozone0.020.01 to 0.04final
1852Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1852Aerosols (total)−0.07−0.27 to −0.01final
1852Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1852Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.07−0.27 to −0.01final
1852Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1852Land use−0.04−0.07 to −0.02final
1852Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1852Natural (solar and volcanic)0.260.19 to 0.32final
1852Solar0.01−0.02 to 0.04final
1852Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.31final
1852Total (human-caused and natural)0.380.17 to 0.49final
1853Total human-caused0.13−0.09 to 0.21final
1853Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.210.19 to 0.23final
1853Carbon dioxide0.150.13 to 0.17final
1853Methane0.050.04 to 0.06final
1853Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1853Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1853Ozone0.020.01 to 0.04final
1853Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1853Aerosols (total)−0.08−0.29 to −0.01final
1853Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1853Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.07−0.29 to −0.01final
1853Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1853Land use−0.04−0.07 to −0.02final
1853Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.02final
1853Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.01−0.03 to 0.02final
1853Solar−0.01−0.03 to 0.02final
1853Volcanic0.000.00 to 0.00final
1853Total (human-caused and natural)0.12−0.10 to 0.21final
1854Total human-caused0.12−0.13 to 0.21final
1854Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.210.19 to 0.23final
1854Carbon dioxide0.150.13 to 0.17final
1854Methane0.050.04 to 0.06final
1854Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1854Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1854Ozone0.030.01 to 0.04final
1854Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1854Aerosols (total)−0.09−0.34 to −0.01final
1854Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.03 to 0.02final
1854Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.09−0.33 to −0.02final
1854Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1854Land use−0.04−0.07 to −0.02final
1854Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.03final
1854Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.28−0.35 to −0.21final
1854Solar−0.03−0.06 to 0.00final
1854Volcanic−0.25−0.31 to −0.19final
1854Total (human-caused and natural)−0.16−0.42 to −0.05final
1855Total human-caused0.12−0.11 to 0.21final
1855Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.210.19 to 0.23final
1855Carbon dioxide0.150.13 to 0.17final
1855Methane0.050.04 to 0.06final
1855Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1855Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1855Ozone0.030.01 to 0.04final
1855Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1855Aerosols (total)−0.09−0.32 to −0.01final
1855Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1855Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.09−0.32 to −0.02final
1855Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1855Land use−0.05−0.07 to −0.02final
1855Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.03final
1855Natural (solar and volcanic)0.040.00 to 0.08final
1855Solar−0.05−0.09 to −0.01final
1855Volcanic0.090.07 to 0.11final
1855Total (human-caused and natural)0.16−0.08 to 0.26final
1856Total human-caused0.12−0.11 to 0.21final
1856Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.220.19 to 0.24final
1856Carbon dioxide0.150.13 to 0.17final
1856Methane0.050.04 to 0.06final
1856Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1856Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1856Ozone0.030.01 to 0.04final
1856Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1856Aerosols (total)−0.09−0.32 to −0.01final
1856Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.02 to 0.02final
1856Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.09−0.31 to −0.02final
1856Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1856Land use−0.05−0.08 to −0.02final
1856Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.03final
1856Natural (solar and volcanic)0.100.05 to 0.16final
1856Solar−0.06−0.10 to −0.02final
1856Volcanic0.160.12 to 0.20final
1856Total (human-caused and natural)0.22−0.01 to 0.33final
1857Total human-caused0.12−0.13 to 0.22final
1857Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.220.20 to 0.24final
1857Carbon dioxide0.160.14 to 0.17final
1857Methane0.050.04 to 0.07final
1857Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1857Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1857Ozone0.030.01 to 0.04final
1857Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1857Aerosols (total)−0.10−0.34 to −0.01final
1857Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.03 to 0.02final
1857Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.09−0.34 to −0.02final
1857Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1857Land use−0.05−0.08 to −0.02final
1857Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.03final
1857Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.80−1.00 to −0.61final
1857Solar−0.04−0.07 to 0.00final
1857Volcanic−0.76−0.96 to −0.57final
1857Total (human-caused and natural)−0.68−1.00 to −0.46final
1858Total human-caused0.12−0.14 to 0.22final
1858Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.220.20 to 0.25final
1858Carbon dioxide0.160.14 to 0.18final
1858Methane0.060.04 to 0.07final
1858Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1858Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1858Ozone0.030.02 to 0.05final
1858Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1858Aerosols (total)−0.10−0.36 to −0.01final
1858Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.03 to 0.02final
1858Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.10−0.36 to −0.02final
1858Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1858Land use−0.05−0.08 to −0.02final
1858Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.03final
1858Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.38−0.48 to −0.28final
1858Solar0.00−0.03 to 0.03final
1858Volcanic−0.39−0.48 to −0.29final
1858Total (human-caused and natural)−0.26−0.54 to −0.12final
1859Total human-caused0.12−0.14 to 0.22final
1859Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.230.21 to 0.25final
1859Carbon dioxide0.160.14 to 0.18final
1859Methane0.060.05 to 0.07final
1859Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1859Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1859Ozone0.030.01 to 0.04final
1859Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1859Aerosols (total)−0.10−0.36 to −0.02final
1859Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.03 to 0.02final
1859Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.10−0.36 to −0.02final
1859Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1859Land use−0.05−0.08 to −0.02final
1859Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.03final
1859Natural (solar and volcanic)0.120.08 to 0.16final
1859Solar0.040.00 to 0.07final
1859Volcanic0.080.06 to 0.10final
1859Total (human-caused and natural)0.24−0.02 to 0.35final
1860Total human-caused0.12−0.14 to 0.23final
1860Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.240.21 to 0.26final
1860Carbon dioxide0.170.15 to 0.19final
1860Methane0.060.05 to 0.07final
1860Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1860Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1860Ozone0.030.02 to 0.05final
1860Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1860Aerosols (total)−0.11−0.37 to −0.02final
1860Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.03 to 0.02final
1860Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.10−0.36 to −0.02final
1860Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1860Land use−0.05−0.08 to −0.02final
1860Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.03final
1860Natural (solar and volcanic)0.250.19 to 0.31final
1860Solar0.050.01 to 0.09final
1860Volcanic0.200.15 to 0.25final
1860Total (human-caused and natural)0.370.10 to 0.50final
1861Total human-caused0.13−0.13 to 0.23final
1861Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.240.22 to 0.26final
1861Carbon dioxide0.170.15 to 0.19final
1861Methane0.060.05 to 0.07final
1861Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1861Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1861Ozone0.030.02 to 0.05final
1861Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1861Aerosols (total)−0.11−0.37 to −0.02final
1861Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.03 to 0.02final
1861Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.10−0.36 to −0.02final
1861Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1861Land use−0.05−0.09 to −0.02final
1861Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.03final
1861Natural (solar and volcanic)0.270.20 to 0.34final
1861Solar0.030.00 to 0.07final
1861Volcanic0.230.18 to 0.29final
1861Total (human-caused and natural)0.400.13 to 0.52final
1862Total human-caused0.13−0.13 to 0.24final
1862Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.250.22 to 0.27final
1862Carbon dioxide0.170.15 to 0.19final
1862Methane0.060.05 to 0.07final
1862Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.01final
1862Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1862Ozone0.030.02 to 0.05final
1862Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1862Aerosols (total)−0.11−0.36 to −0.02final
1862Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.03 to 0.02final
1862Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.10−0.36 to −0.02final
1862Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1862Land use−0.05−0.09 to −0.02final
1862Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.03final
1862Natural (solar and volcanic)−1.22−1.53 to −0.90final
1862Solar0.02−0.01 to 0.05final
1862Volcanic−1.24−1.55 to −0.93final
1862Total (human-caused and natural)−1.09−1.49 to −0.76final
1863Total human-caused0.14−0.10 to 0.24final
1863Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.250.23 to 0.28final
1863Carbon dioxide0.180.15 to 0.20final
1863Methane0.060.05 to 0.08final
1863Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.02final
1863Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1863Ozone0.030.02 to 0.05final
1863Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1863Aerosols (total)−0.11−0.35 to −0.02final
1863Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.03 to 0.02final
1863Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.10−0.34 to −0.02final
1863Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1863Land use−0.05−0.09 to −0.02final
1863Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.03final
1863Natural (solar and volcanic)−1.13−1.42 to −0.85final
1863Solar0.00−0.03 to 0.03final
1863Volcanic−1.14−1.42 to −0.85final
1863Total (human-caused and natural)−1.00−1.37 to −0.70final
1864Total human-caused0.14−0.11 to 0.25final
1864Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.260.23 to 0.28final
1864Carbon dioxide0.180.16 to 0.20final
1864Methane0.060.05 to 0.08final
1864Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.02final
1864Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1864Ozone0.030.02 to 0.05final
1864Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1864Aerosols (total)−0.11−0.36 to −0.02final
1864Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.03 to 0.02final
1864Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.11−0.35 to −0.02final
1864Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1864Land use−0.06−0.09 to −0.02final
1864Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.03final
1864Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.13−0.17 to −0.09final
1864Solar−0.01−0.03 to 0.02final
1864Volcanic−0.12−0.16 to −0.09final
1864Total (human-caused and natural)0.01−0.24 to 0.13final
1865Total human-caused0.14−0.13 to 0.25final
1865Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.260.24 to 0.29final
1865Carbon dioxide0.180.16 to 0.20final
1865Methane0.070.05 to 0.08final
1865Nitrous oxide0.010.01 to 0.02final
1865Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1865Ozone0.040.02 to 0.05final
1865Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1865Aerosols (total)−0.12−0.39 to −0.03final
1865Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.01−0.03 to 0.02final
1865Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.12−0.39 to −0.03final
1865Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1865Land use−0.06−0.09 to −0.02final
1865Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.03final
1865Natural (solar and volcanic)0.150.10 to 0.20final
1865Solar−0.02−0.05 to 0.01final
1865Volcanic0.170.13 to 0.21final
1865Total (human-caused and natural)0.290.01 to 0.41final
1866Total human-caused0.14−0.12 to 0.26final
1866Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.270.24 to 0.29final
1866Carbon dioxide0.180.16 to 0.21final
1866Methane0.070.06 to 0.08final
1866Nitrous oxide0.020.01 to 0.02final
1866Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1866Ozone0.040.02 to 0.05final
1866Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.000.00 to 0.01final
1866Aerosols (total)−0.12−0.38 to −0.03final
1866Aerosol–radiation interactions0.00−0.03 to 0.02final
1866Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.12−0.38 to −0.03final
1866Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1866Land use−0.06−0.09 to −0.02final
1866Black carbon on snow and ice0.010.00 to 0.03final
1866Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.12 to 0.26final
1866Solar−0.04−0.07 to 0.00final
1866Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.29final
1866Total (human-caused and natural)0.340.07 to 0.47final
1867Total human-caused0.14−0.14 to 0.26final
1867Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.270.25 to 0.30final
1867Carbon dioxide0.190.17 to 0.21final
1867Methane0.070.06 to 0.09final
1867Nitrous oxide0.020.01 to 0.02final
1867Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1867Ozone0.040.02 to 0.06final
1867Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1867Aerosols (total)−0.13−0.41 to −0.03final
1867Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.01−0.04 to 0.02final
1867Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.13−0.40 to −0.03final
1867Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1867Land use−0.06−0.09 to −0.02final
1867Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.03final
1867Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.12 to 0.26final
1867Solar−0.05−0.09 to −0.01final
1867Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1867Total (human-caused and natural)0.330.04 to 0.47final
1868Total human-caused0.14−0.16 to 0.27final
1868Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.280.25 to 0.31final
1868Carbon dioxide0.190.17 to 0.21final
1868Methane0.070.06 to 0.09final
1868Nitrous oxide0.020.01 to 0.02final
1868Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1868Ozone0.040.02 to 0.06final
1868Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1868Aerosols (total)−0.14−0.44 to −0.03final
1868Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.01−0.04 to 0.03final
1868Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.14−0.44 to −0.03final
1868Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1868Land use−0.06−0.10 to −0.02final
1868Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1868Natural (solar and volcanic)0.210.14 to 0.28final
1868Solar−0.02−0.06 to 0.01final
1868Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.29final
1868Total (human-caused and natural)0.350.04 to 0.50final
1869Total human-caused0.14−0.14 to 0.27final
1869Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.280.26 to 0.31final
1869Carbon dioxide0.190.17 to 0.22final
1869Methane0.070.06 to 0.09final
1869Nitrous oxide0.020.01 to 0.02final
1869Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1869Ozone0.040.02 to 0.06final
1869Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1869Aerosols (total)−0.14−0.42 to −0.03final
1869Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.01−0.04 to 0.02final
1869Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.13−0.41 to −0.03final
1869Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1869Land use−0.06−0.10 to −0.02final
1869Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1869Natural (solar and volcanic)0.02−0.01 to 0.05final
1869Solar0.01−0.02 to 0.04final
1869Volcanic0.010.01 to 0.01final
1869Total (human-caused and natural)0.16−0.12 to 0.29final
1870Total human-caused0.14−0.16 to 0.27final
1870Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.290.26 to 0.32final
1870Carbon dioxide0.190.17 to 0.22final
1870Methane0.080.06 to 0.09final
1870Nitrous oxide0.020.02 to 0.02final
1870Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1870Ozone0.040.02 to 0.06final
1870Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1870Aerosols (total)−0.15−0.45 to −0.03final
1870Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.01−0.04 to 0.03final
1870Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.14−0.44 to −0.03final
1870Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1870Land use−0.06−0.10 to −0.02final
1870Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1870Natural (solar and volcanic)0.220.16 to 0.28final
1870Solar0.060.02 to 0.10final
1870Volcanic0.160.12 to 0.20final
1870Total (human-caused and natural)0.360.05 to 0.51final
1871Total human-caused0.14−0.14 to 0.27final
1871Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.290.26 to 0.32final
1871Carbon dioxide0.200.17 to 0.22final
1871Methane0.080.06 to 0.09final
1871Nitrous oxide0.020.02 to 0.02final
1871Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1871Ozone0.040.02 to 0.06final
1871Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1871Aerosols (total)−0.15−0.43 to −0.04final
1871Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.01−0.04 to 0.02final
1871Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.14−0.41 to −0.03final
1871Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1871Land use−0.06−0.10 to −0.02final
1871Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1871Natural (solar and volcanic)0.280.21 to 0.35final
1871Solar0.060.01 to 0.10final
1871Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.28final
1871Total (human-caused and natural)0.430.14 to 0.58final
1872Total human-caused0.14−0.12 to 0.27final
1872Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.300.27 to 0.33final
1872Carbon dioxide0.200.18 to 0.22final
1872Methane0.080.06 to 0.09final
1872Nitrous oxide0.020.02 to 0.02final
1872Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1872Ozone0.040.02 to 0.06final
1872Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1872Aerosols (total)−0.15−0.41 to −0.04final
1872Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.01−0.04 to 0.02final
1872Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.14−0.40 to −0.04final
1872Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1872Land use−0.07−0.11 to −0.02final
1872Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1872Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.44−0.57 to −0.31final
1872Solar0.050.01 to 0.09final
1872Volcanic−0.49−0.61 to −0.37final
1872Total (human-caused and natural)−0.30−0.59 to −0.11final
1873Total human-caused0.13−0.16 to 0.27final
1873Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.300.27 to 0.33final
1873Carbon dioxide0.200.18 to 0.23final
1873Methane0.080.06 to 0.09final
1873Nitrous oxide0.020.02 to 0.02final
1873Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1873Ozone0.040.02 to 0.06final
1873Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1873Aerosols (total)−0.17−0.45 to −0.04final
1873Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.01−0.05 to 0.02final
1873Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.16−0.44 to −0.04final
1873Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1873Land use−0.07−0.11 to −0.02final
1873Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1873Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.63−0.80 to −0.46final
1873Solar0.03−0.01 to 0.06final
1873Volcanic−0.65−0.82 to −0.49final
1873Total (human-caused and natural)−0.49−0.82 to −0.27final
1874Total human-caused0.13−0.17 to 0.28final
1874Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.310.28 to 0.34final
1874Carbon dioxide0.210.18 to 0.23final
1874Methane0.080.06 to 0.10final
1874Nitrous oxide0.020.02 to 0.02final
1874Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1874Ozone0.040.02 to 0.07final
1874Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1874Aerosols (total)−0.17−0.47 to −0.04final
1874Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.01−0.05 to 0.02final
1874Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.16−0.46 to −0.04final
1874Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1874Land use−0.07−0.11 to −0.02final
1874Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1874Natural (solar and volcanic)0.030.00 to 0.07final
1874Solar0.00−0.03 to 0.03final
1874Volcanic0.040.03 to 0.04final
1874Total (human-caused and natural)0.17−0.14 to 0.32final
1875Total human-caused0.14−0.14 to 0.28final
1875Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.310.28 to 0.34final
1875Carbon dioxide0.210.19 to 0.24final
1875Methane0.080.06 to 0.10final
1875Nitrous oxide0.020.02 to 0.02final
1875Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1875Ozone0.040.02 to 0.07final
1875Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1875Aerosols (total)−0.17−0.45 to −0.04final
1875Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.01−0.05 to 0.02final
1875Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.16−0.43 to −0.04final
1875Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1875Land use−0.07−0.11 to −0.03final
1875Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1875Natural (solar and volcanic)0.040.00 to 0.08final
1875Solar−0.03−0.07 to 0.00final
1875Volcanic0.070.05 to 0.09final
1875Total (human-caused and natural)0.18−0.11 to 0.33final
1876Total human-caused0.14−0.15 to 0.28final
1876Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.320.29 to 0.35final
1876Carbon dioxide0.220.19 to 0.24final
1876Methane0.080.06 to 0.10final
1876Nitrous oxide0.020.02 to 0.02final
1876Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1876Ozone0.040.02 to 0.07final
1876Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1876Aerosols (total)−0.17−0.46 to −0.05final
1876Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.01−0.05 to 0.02final
1876Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.16−0.44 to −0.04final
1876Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1876Land use−0.07−0.12 to −0.03final
1876Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1876Natural (solar and volcanic)0.100.05 to 0.15final
1876Solar−0.04−0.08 to 0.00final
1876Volcanic0.140.10 to 0.17final
1876Total (human-caused and natural)0.24−0.06 to 0.39final
1877Total human-caused0.14−0.16 to 0.29final
1877Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.320.29 to 0.36final
1877Carbon dioxide0.220.19 to 0.25final
1877Methane0.080.07 to 0.10final
1877Nitrous oxide0.020.02 to 0.03final
1877Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1877Ozone0.050.02 to 0.07final
1877Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1877Aerosols (total)−0.18−0.47 to −0.05final
1877Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.01−0.05 to 0.02final
1877Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.17−0.45 to −0.04final
1877Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1877Land use−0.07−0.12 to −0.03final
1877Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1877Natural (solar and volcanic)0.170.10 to 0.23final
1877Solar−0.04−0.07 to 0.00final
1877Volcanic0.200.15 to 0.25final
1877Total (human-caused and natural)0.310.00 to 0.47final
1878Total human-caused0.14−0.16 to 0.29final
1878Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.330.30 to 0.36final
1878Carbon dioxide0.220.20 to 0.25final
1878Methane0.080.07 to 0.10final
1878Nitrous oxide0.020.02 to 0.03final
1878Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1878Ozone0.050.02 to 0.07final
1878Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1878Aerosols (total)−0.18−0.48 to −0.05final
1878Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.01−0.05 to 0.02final
1878Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.17−0.46 to −0.04final
1878Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1878Land use−0.08−0.12 to −0.03final
1878Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1878Natural (solar and volcanic)0.170.10 to 0.24final
1878Solar−0.05−0.10 to −0.01final
1878Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.28final
1878Total (human-caused and natural)0.310.01 to 0.48final
1879Total human-caused0.14−0.17 to 0.30final
1879Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.340.30 to 0.37final
1879Carbon dioxide0.230.20 to 0.26final
1879Methane0.080.07 to 0.10final
1879Nitrous oxide0.020.02 to 0.03final
1879Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1879Ozone0.050.02 to 0.07final
1879Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1879Aerosols (total)−0.19−0.50 to −0.05final
1879Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.02−0.06 to 0.02final
1879Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.18−0.48 to −0.05final
1879Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1879Land use−0.08−0.13 to −0.03final
1879Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1879Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.12 to 0.26final
1879Solar−0.05−0.09 to −0.01final
1879Volcanic0.240.18 to 0.30final
1879Total (human-caused and natural)0.320.01 to 0.50final
1880Total human-caused0.13−0.17 to 0.29final
1880Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.340.31 to 0.38final
1880Carbon dioxide0.230.21 to 0.26final
1880Methane0.090.07 to 0.10final
1880Nitrous oxide0.020.02 to 0.03final
1880Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1880Ozone0.050.02 to 0.07final
1880Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1880Aerosols (total)−0.20−0.50 to −0.06final
1880Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.02−0.06 to 0.02final
1880Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.19−0.48 to −0.05final
1880Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1880Land use−0.08−0.13 to −0.03final
1880Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1880Natural (solar and volcanic)0.110.07 to 0.16final
1880Solar−0.01−0.05 to 0.02final
1880Volcanic0.130.09 to 0.16final
1880Total (human-caused and natural)0.24−0.06 to 0.41final
1881Total human-caused0.13−0.17 to 0.30final
1881Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.350.32 to 0.38final
1881Carbon dioxide0.240.21 to 0.27final
1881Methane0.090.07 to 0.10final
1881Nitrous oxide0.020.02 to 0.03final
1881Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1881Ozone0.050.02 to 0.07final
1881Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1881Aerosols (total)−0.21−0.51 to −0.06final
1881Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.02−0.06 to 0.02final
1881Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.19−0.49 to −0.05final
1881Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1881Land use−0.08−0.13 to −0.03final
1881Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1881Natural (solar and volcanic)0.03−0.01 to 0.06final
1881Solar0.02−0.02 to 0.06final
1881Volcanic0.010.00 to 0.01final
1881Total (human-caused and natural)0.16−0.15 to 0.33final
1882Total human-caused0.13−0.16 to 0.30final
1882Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.360.32 to 0.39final
1882Carbon dioxide0.240.21 to 0.27final
1882Methane0.090.07 to 0.11final
1882Nitrous oxide0.020.02 to 0.03final
1882Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1882Ozone0.050.02 to 0.07final
1882Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1882Aerosols (total)−0.21−0.50 to −0.06final
1882Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.02−0.06 to 0.02final
1882Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.19−0.48 to −0.05final
1882Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1882Land use−0.08−0.13 to −0.03final
1882Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1882Natural (solar and volcanic)0.180.13 to 0.24final
1882Solar0.02−0.02 to 0.05final
1882Volcanic0.170.13 to 0.21final
1882Total (human-caused and natural)0.320.02 to 0.49final
1883Total human-caused0.14−0.14 to 0.31final
1883Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.360.33 to 0.40final
1883Carbon dioxide0.250.22 to 0.28final
1883Methane0.090.07 to 0.11final
1883Nitrous oxide0.020.02 to 0.03final
1883Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1883Ozone0.050.02 to 0.07final
1883Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1883Aerosols (total)−0.22−0.49 to −0.07final
1883Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.02−0.06 to 0.02final
1883Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.19−0.46 to −0.05final
1883Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1883Land use−0.08−0.14 to −0.03final
1883Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1883Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.08−0.13 to −0.04final
1883Solar0.01−0.03 to 0.04final
1883Volcanic−0.09−0.12 to −0.07final
1883Total (human-caused and natural)0.05−0.23 to 0.23final
1884Total human-caused0.14−0.16 to 0.31final
1884Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.370.33 to 0.40final
1884Carbon dioxide0.250.22 to 0.28final
1884Methane0.090.07 to 0.11final
1884Nitrous oxide0.030.02 to 0.03final
1884Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1884Ozone0.050.03 to 0.08final
1884Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1884Aerosols (total)−0.22−0.51 to −0.07final
1884Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.02−0.07 to 0.02final
1884Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.20−0.48 to −0.05final
1884Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1884Land use−0.09−0.14 to −0.03final
1884Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1884Natural (solar and volcanic)−2.15−2.69 to −1.60final
1884Solar0.02−0.02 to 0.05final
1884Volcanic−2.17−2.71 to −1.62final
1884Total (human-caused and natural)−2.01−2.63 to −1.44final
1885Total human-caused0.14−0.16 to 0.32final
1885Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.380.34 to 0.41final
1885Carbon dioxide0.260.23 to 0.29final
1885Methane0.090.07 to 0.11final
1885Nitrous oxide0.030.02 to 0.03final
1885Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1885Ozone0.050.03 to 0.08final
1885Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1885Aerosols (total)−0.23−0.52 to −0.07final
1885Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.02−0.07 to 0.02final
1885Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.20−0.49 to −0.06final
1885Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1885Land use−0.09−0.14 to −0.03final
1885Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1885Natural (solar and volcanic)−1.40−1.76 to −1.05final
1885Solar0.01−0.03 to 0.04final
1885Volcanic−1.41−1.76 to −1.05final
1885Total (human-caused and natural)−1.26−1.72 to −0.87final
1886Total human-caused0.15−0.15 to 0.33final
1886Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.380.35 to 0.42final
1886Carbon dioxide0.260.23 to 0.29final
1886Methane0.090.08 to 0.11final
1886Nitrous oxide0.030.02 to 0.03final
1886Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1886Ozone0.050.03 to 0.08final
1886Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1886Aerosols (total)−0.23−0.51 to −0.07final
1886Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.02−0.07 to 0.02final
1886Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.20−0.49 to −0.06final
1886Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1886Land use−0.09−0.14 to −0.03final
1886Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.04final
1886Natural (solar and volcanic)−1.31−1.64 to −0.99final
1886Solar−0.03−0.07 to 0.01final
1886Volcanic−1.29−1.61 to −0.96final
1886Total (human-caused and natural)−1.17−1.60 to −0.80final
1887Total human-caused0.15−0.16 to 0.33final
1887Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.390.35 to 0.43final
1887Carbon dioxide0.270.24 to 0.30final
1887Methane0.100.08 to 0.12final
1887Nitrous oxide0.030.02 to 0.03final
1887Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1887Ozone0.050.03 to 0.08final
1887Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1887Aerosols (total)−0.24−0.53 to −0.07final
1887Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.02−0.07 to 0.02final
1887Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.21−0.51 to −0.06final
1887Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1887Land use−0.09−0.14 to −0.03final
1887Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.05final
1887Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.48−0.60 to −0.36final
1887Solar−0.04−0.08 to 0.00final
1887Volcanic−0.44−0.55 to −0.33final
1887Total (human-caused and natural)−0.33−0.66 to −0.11final
1888Total human-caused0.13−0.19 to 0.33final
1888Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.400.36 to 0.44final
1888Carbon dioxide0.280.24 to 0.31final
1888Methane0.100.08 to 0.12final
1888Nitrous oxide0.030.02 to 0.03final
1888Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1888Ozone0.060.03 to 0.08final
1888Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1888Aerosols (total)−0.26−0.57 to −0.08final
1888Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.03−0.08 to 0.02final
1888Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.23−0.54 to −0.06final
1888Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1888Land use−0.09−0.15 to −0.03final
1888Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.05final
1888Natural (solar and volcanic)0.04−0.01 to 0.09final
1888Solar−0.05−0.09 to −0.01final
1888Volcanic0.090.07 to 0.11final
1888Total (human-caused and natural)0.17−0.15 to 0.38final
1889Total human-caused0.15−0.17 to 0.34final
1889Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.410.37 to 0.45final
1889Carbon dioxide0.280.25 to 0.32final
1889Methane0.100.08 to 0.12final
1889Nitrous oxide0.030.02 to 0.03final
1889Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1889Ozone0.060.03 to 0.09final
1889Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1889Aerosols (total)−0.26−0.56 to −0.08final
1889Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.03−0.08 to 0.02final
1889Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.23−0.53 to −0.06final
1889Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1889Land use−0.09−0.15 to −0.03final
1889Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.05final
1889Natural (solar and volcanic)0.130.07 to 0.19final
1889Solar−0.05−0.09 to −0.01final
1889Volcanic0.180.13 to 0.23final
1889Total (human-caused and natural)0.28−0.04 to 0.48final
1890Total human-caused0.14−0.18 to 0.34final
1890Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.420.38 to 0.46final
1890Carbon dioxide0.290.25 to 0.32final
1890Methane0.100.08 to 0.12final
1890Nitrous oxide0.030.02 to 0.03final
1890Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1890Ozone0.060.03 to 0.09final
1890Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1890Aerosols (total)−0.27−0.59 to −0.09final
1890Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.03−0.08 to 0.02final
1890Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.24−0.55 to −0.07final
1890Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1890Land use−0.09−0.15 to −0.03final
1890Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.05final
1890Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.02−0.07 to 0.02final
1890Solar−0.05−0.09 to −0.01final
1890Volcanic0.030.02 to 0.03final
1890Total (human-caused and natural)0.12−0.21 to 0.33final
1891Total human-caused0.15−0.16 to 0.35final
1891Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.430.38 to 0.47final
1891Carbon dioxide0.290.26 to 0.33final
1891Methane0.100.08 to 0.12final
1891Nitrous oxide0.030.02 to 0.03final
1891Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1891Ozone0.060.03 to 0.09final
1891Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.01final
1891Aerosols (total)−0.27−0.57 to −0.09final
1891Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.03−0.08 to 0.02final
1891Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.24−0.53 to −0.07final
1891Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1891Land use−0.09−0.15 to −0.03final
1891Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.05final
1891Natural (solar and volcanic)0.140.09 to 0.19final
1891Solar−0.01−0.05 to 0.03final
1891Volcanic0.150.11 to 0.19final
1891Total (human-caused and natural)0.28−0.02 to 0.49final
1892Total human-caused0.15−0.14 to 0.36final
1892Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.430.39 to 0.48final
1892Carbon dioxide0.300.26 to 0.34final
1892Methane0.110.08 to 0.13final
1892Nitrous oxide0.030.02 to 0.03final
1892Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1892Ozone0.060.03 to 0.09final
1892Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1892Aerosols (total)−0.27−0.56 to −0.09final
1892Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.03−0.08 to 0.02final
1892Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.24−0.52 to −0.07final
1892Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1892Land use−0.10−0.16 to −0.03final
1892Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.05final
1892Natural (solar and volcanic)0.130.08 to 0.17final
1892Solar0.03−0.01 to 0.07final
1892Volcanic0.100.07 to 0.12final
1892Total (human-caused and natural)0.28−0.02 to 0.49final
1893Total human-caused0.16−0.14 to 0.37final
1893Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.440.40 to 0.49final
1893Carbon dioxide0.310.27 to 0.34final
1893Methane0.110.09 to 0.13final
1893Nitrous oxide0.030.02 to 0.03final
1893Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1893Ozone0.060.03 to 0.09final
1893Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1893Aerosols (total)−0.28−0.57 to −0.09final
1893Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.03−0.08 to 0.02final
1893Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.24−0.53 to −0.07final
1893Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1893Land use−0.10−0.16 to −0.03final
1893Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.05final
1893Natural (solar and volcanic)0.210.15 to 0.27final
1893Solar0.040.00 to 0.08final
1893Volcanic0.170.13 to 0.21final
1893Total (human-caused and natural)0.370.06 to 0.58final
1894Total human-caused0.15−0.17 to 0.37final
1894Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.450.41 to 0.49final
1894Carbon dioxide0.310.27 to 0.35final
1894Methane0.110.09 to 0.13final
1894Nitrous oxide0.030.03 to 0.03final
1894Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1894Ozone0.060.03 to 0.09final
1894Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1894Aerosols (total)−0.29−0.61 to −0.10final
1894Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.03−0.09 to 0.02final
1894Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.26−0.57 to −0.07final
1894Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1894Land use−0.10−0.16 to −0.03final
1894Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.05final
1894Natural (solar and volcanic)0.250.18 to 0.32final
1894Solar0.040.00 to 0.08final
1894Volcanic0.210.16 to 0.27final
1894Total (human-caused and natural)0.400.07 to 0.63final
1895Total human-caused0.15−0.16 to 0.37final
1895Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.460.41 to 0.50final
1895Carbon dioxide0.320.28 to 0.36final
1895Methane0.110.09 to 0.13final
1895Nitrous oxide0.030.03 to 0.03final
1895Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1895Ozone0.060.03 to 0.10final
1895Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1895Aerosols (total)−0.30−0.61 to −0.10final
1895Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.04−0.09 to 0.02final
1895Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.26−0.56 to −0.07final
1895Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1895Land use−0.10−0.16 to −0.04final
1895Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.05final
1895Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.06−0.10 to −0.01final
1895Solar0.02−0.02 to 0.06final
1895Volcanic−0.08−0.10 to −0.06final
1895Total (human-caused and natural)0.10−0.22 to 0.32final
1896Total human-caused0.16−0.15 to 0.38final
1896Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.460.42 to 0.51final
1896Carbon dioxide0.320.28 to 0.36final
1896Methane0.110.09 to 0.13final
1896Nitrous oxide0.030.03 to 0.03final
1896Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1896Ozone0.060.03 to 0.09final
1896Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1896Aerosols (total)−0.30−0.59 to −0.10final
1896Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.04−0.10 to 0.02final
1896Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.26−0.55 to −0.07final
1896Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1896Land use−0.10−0.16 to −0.04final
1896Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.05final
1896Natural (solar and volcanic)0.080.04 to 0.13final
1896Solar0.00−0.04 to 0.04final
1896Volcanic0.080.06 to 0.10final
1896Total (human-caused and natural)0.24−0.07 to 0.46final
1897Total human-caused0.15−0.17 to 0.38final
1897Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.470.43 to 0.52final
1897Carbon dioxide0.330.29 to 0.37final
1897Methane0.110.09 to 0.14final
1897Nitrous oxide0.030.03 to 0.03final
1897Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1897Ozone0.070.03 to 0.10final
1897Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1897Aerosols (total)−0.32−0.63 to −0.11final
1897Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.04−0.10 to 0.02final
1897Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.28−0.58 to −0.08final
1897Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1897Land use−0.10−0.17 to −0.04final
1897Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.05final
1897Natural (solar and volcanic)0.160.10 to 0.22final
1897Solar−0.03−0.07 to 0.01final
1897Volcanic0.190.14 to 0.24final
1897Total (human-caused and natural)0.31−0.02 to 0.55final
1898Total human-caused0.14−0.18 to 0.38final
1898Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.480.43 to 0.52final
1898Carbon dioxide0.330.29 to 0.37final
1898Methane0.110.09 to 0.14final
1898Nitrous oxide0.030.03 to 0.04final
1898Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1898Ozone0.070.03 to 0.10final
1898Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1898Aerosols (total)−0.33−0.64 to −0.12final
1898Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.04−0.11 to 0.02final
1898Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.29−0.59 to −0.08final
1898Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1898Land use−0.10−0.17 to −0.04final
1898Black carbon on snow and ice0.020.00 to 0.05final
1898Natural (solar and volcanic)0.200.13 to 0.27final
1898Solar−0.03−0.07 to 0.02final
1898Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1898Total (human-caused and natural)0.340.01 to 0.59final
1899Total human-caused0.13−0.20 to 0.38final
1899Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.490.44 to 0.53final
1899Carbon dioxide0.340.30 to 0.38final
1899Methane0.120.09 to 0.14final
1899Nitrous oxide0.030.03 to 0.04final
1899Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1899Ozone0.070.03 to 0.10final
1899Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1899Aerosols (total)−0.36−0.68 to −0.13final
1899Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.05−0.12 to 0.02final
1899Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.31−0.62 to −0.09final
1899Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1899Land use−0.11−0.17 to −0.04final
1899Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.06final
1899Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.12 to 0.26final
1899Solar−0.04−0.09 to 0.00final
1899Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.29final
1899Total (human-caused and natural)0.32−0.02 to 0.58final
1900Total human-caused0.13−0.20 to 0.38final
1900Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.500.45 to 0.54final
1900Carbon dioxide0.350.30 to 0.39final
1900Methane0.120.09 to 0.14final
1900Nitrous oxide0.030.03 to 0.04final
1900Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1900Ozone0.070.03 to 0.10final
1900Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1900Aerosols (total)−0.37−0.68 to −0.13final
1900Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.05−0.12 to 0.02final
1900Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.31−0.62 to −0.09final
1900Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1900Land use−0.11−0.17 to −0.04final
1900Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.06final
1900Natural (solar and volcanic)0.180.11 to 0.25final
1900Solar−0.04−0.09 to 0.00final
1900Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1900Total (human-caused and natural)0.30−0.03 to 0.57final
1901Total human-caused0.13−0.20 to 0.39final
1901Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.510.46 to 0.55final
1901Carbon dioxide0.350.31 to 0.39final
1901Methane0.120.10 to 0.14final
1901Nitrous oxide0.030.03 to 0.04final
1901Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1901Ozone0.070.04 to 0.10final
1901Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1901Aerosols (total)−0.37−0.69 to −0.13final
1901Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.05−0.12 to 0.02final
1901Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.32−0.63 to −0.09final
1901Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1901Land use−0.11−0.18 to −0.04final
1901Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.06final
1901Natural (solar and volcanic)0.170.10 to 0.25final
1901Solar−0.06−0.11 to −0.01final
1901Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.29final
1901Total (human-caused and natural)0.30−0.03 to 0.57final
1902Total human-caused0.13−0.20 to 0.39final
1902Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.510.46 to 0.56final
1902Carbon dioxide0.360.31 to 0.40final
1902Methane0.120.10 to 0.15final
1902Nitrous oxide0.030.03 to 0.04final
1902Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1902Ozone0.070.04 to 0.11final
1902Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1902Aerosols (total)−0.38−0.69 to −0.14final
1902Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.05−0.13 to 0.02final
1902Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.32−0.63 to −0.09final
1902Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1902Land use−0.11−0.18 to −0.04final
1902Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.06final
1902Natural (solar and volcanic)0.140.07 to 0.21final
1902Solar−0.05−0.10 to −0.01final
1902Volcanic0.190.14 to 0.24final
1902Total (human-caused and natural)0.27−0.06 to 0.54final
1903Total human-caused0.12−0.20 to 0.39final
1903Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.520.47 to 0.57final
1903Carbon dioxide0.360.32 to 0.41final
1903Methane0.120.10 to 0.15final
1903Nitrous oxide0.030.03 to 0.04final
1903Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1903Ozone0.070.04 to 0.11final
1903Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1903Aerosols (total)−0.39−0.71 to −0.14final
1903Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.06−0.14 to 0.02final
1903Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.33−0.64 to −0.10final
1903Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1903Land use−0.11−0.18 to −0.04final
1903Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.06final
1903Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.14−0.19 to −0.09final
1903Solar−0.03−0.07 to 0.02final
1903Volcanic−0.11−0.14 to −0.08final
1903Total (human-caused and natural)−0.01−0.35 to 0.26final
1904Total human-caused0.12−0.22 to 0.40final
1904Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.530.48 to 0.58final
1904Carbon dioxide0.370.32 to 0.41final
1904Methane0.130.10 to 0.15final
1904Nitrous oxide0.040.03 to 0.04final
1904Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1904Ozone0.080.04 to 0.11final
1904Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1904Aerosols (total)−0.41−0.74 to −0.15final
1904Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.06−0.14 to 0.02final
1904Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.35−0.67 to −0.10final
1904Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1904Land use−0.11−0.18 to −0.04final
1904Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.06final
1904Natural (solar and volcanic)0.070.03 to 0.12final
1904Solar0.01−0.03 to 0.05final
1904Volcanic0.070.05 to 0.09final
1904Total (human-caused and natural)0.19−0.15 to 0.48final
1905Total human-caused0.11−0.24 to 0.40final
1905Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.540.49 to 0.59final
1905Carbon dioxide0.380.33 to 0.42final
1905Methane0.130.10 to 0.16final
1905Nitrous oxide0.040.03 to 0.04final
1905Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1905Ozone0.080.04 to 0.12final
1905Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1905Aerosols (total)−0.43−0.77 to −0.16final
1905Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.07−0.15 to 0.02final
1905Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.36−0.69 to −0.11final
1905Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1905Land use−0.12−0.19 to −0.04final
1905Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.06final
1905Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.13 to 0.25final
1905Solar0.00−0.04 to 0.04final
1905Volcanic0.190.14 to 0.24final
1905Total (human-caused and natural)0.30−0.05 to 0.60final
1906Total human-caused0.11−0.25 to 0.41final
1906Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.550.50 to 0.61final
1906Carbon dioxide0.380.34 to 0.43final
1906Methane0.130.11 to 0.16final
1906Nitrous oxide0.040.03 to 0.04final
1906Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1906Ozone0.080.04 to 0.12final
1906Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1906Aerosols (total)−0.45−0.79 to −0.17final
1906Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.07−0.16 to 0.02final
1906Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.38−0.71 to −0.11final
1906Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1906Land use−0.12−0.19 to −0.04final
1906Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.06final
1906Natural (solar and volcanic)0.230.16 to 0.30final
1906Solar0.01−0.03 to 0.06final
1906Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.27final
1906Total (human-caused and natural)0.34−0.02 to 0.65final
1907Total human-caused0.08−0.29 to 0.41final
1907Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.570.51 to 0.62final
1907Carbon dioxide0.390.34 to 0.44final
1907Methane0.140.11 to 0.16final
1907Nitrous oxide0.040.03 to 0.04final
1907Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1907Ozone0.080.04 to 0.13final
1907Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1907Aerosols (total)−0.49−0.85 to −0.19final
1907Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.08−0.18 to 0.02final
1907Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.41−0.76 to −0.12final
1907Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1907Land use−0.12−0.19 to −0.04final
1907Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1907Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.14−0.20 to −0.09final
1907Solar0.01−0.03 to 0.05final
1907Volcanic−0.15−0.19 to −0.12final
1907Total (human-caused and natural)−0.06−0.44 to 0.27final
1908Total human-caused0.10−0.27 to 0.43final
1908Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.580.52 to 0.63final
1908Carbon dioxide0.400.35 to 0.44final
1908Methane0.140.11 to 0.17final
1908Nitrous oxide0.040.03 to 0.05final
1908Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1908Ozone0.090.04 to 0.13final
1908Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1908Aerosols (total)−0.48−0.84 to −0.18final
1908Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.08−0.17 to 0.02final
1908Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.40−0.75 to −0.12final
1908Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1908Land use−0.12−0.20 to −0.04final
1908Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1908Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.08−0.13 to −0.04final
1908Solar0.01−0.03 to 0.05final
1908Volcanic−0.09−0.11 to −0.07final
1908Total (human-caused and natural)0.02−0.36 to 0.34final
1909Total human-caused0.10−0.27 to 0.43final
1909Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.590.53 to 0.65final
1909Carbon dioxide0.400.36 to 0.45final
1909Methane0.140.11 to 0.17final
1909Nitrous oxide0.040.04 to 0.05final
1909Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1909Ozone0.090.04 to 0.13final
1909Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1909Aerosols (total)−0.49−0.86 to −0.19final
1909Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.08−0.18 to 0.02final
1909Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.41−0.76 to −0.12final
1909Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1909Land use−0.12−0.20 to −0.04final
1909Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1909Natural (solar and volcanic)0.160.10 to 0.22final
1909Solar−0.01−0.05 to 0.04final
1909Volcanic0.160.12 to 0.20final
1909Total (human-caused and natural)0.26−0.12 to 0.59final
1910Total human-caused0.09−0.30 to 0.44final
1910Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.600.54 to 0.66final
1910Carbon dioxide0.410.36 to 0.46final
1910Methane0.150.12 to 0.18final
1910Nitrous oxide0.040.04 to 0.05final
1910Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1910Ozone0.090.05 to 0.14final
1910Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1910Aerosols (total)−0.52−0.90 to −0.20final
1910Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.09−0.19 to 0.02final
1910Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.43−0.79 to −0.13final
1910Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1910Land use−0.12−0.20 to −0.04final
1910Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1910Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.12 to 0.26final
1910Solar−0.03−0.08 to 0.01final
1910Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1910Total (human-caused and natural)0.28−0.11 to 0.63final
1911Total human-caused0.11−0.27 to 0.45final
1911Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.610.55 to 0.67final
1911Carbon dioxide0.420.37 to 0.47final
1911Methane0.150.12 to 0.18final
1911Nitrous oxide0.040.04 to 0.05final
1911Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1911Ozone0.090.05 to 0.14final
1911Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1911Aerosols (total)−0.51−0.88 to −0.19final
1911Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.09−0.19 to 0.02final
1911Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.42−0.78 to −0.13final
1911Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1911Land use−0.12−0.20 to −0.04final
1911Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1911Natural (solar and volcanic)0.170.09 to 0.24final
1911Solar−0.05−0.10 to 0.00final
1911Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.27final
1911Total (human-caused and natural)0.28−0.11 to 0.63final
1912Total human-caused0.12−0.27 to 0.46final
1912Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.630.57 to 0.69final
1912Carbon dioxide0.430.38 to 0.48final
1912Methane0.150.12 to 0.18final
1912Nitrous oxide0.050.04 to 0.05final
1912Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1912Ozone0.090.05 to 0.14final
1912Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1912Aerosols (total)−0.52−0.89 to −0.20final
1912Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.09−0.19 to 0.02final
1912Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.43−0.79 to −0.13final
1912Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1912Land use−0.12−0.20 to −0.04final
1912Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1912Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.50−0.62 to −0.38final
1912Solar−0.05−0.10 to 0.00final
1912Volcanic−0.45−0.56 to −0.33final
1912Total (human-caused and natural)−0.38−0.78 to −0.01final
1913Total human-caused0.11−0.28 to 0.47final
1913Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.640.58 to 0.70final
1913Carbon dioxide0.440.39 to 0.49final
1913Methane0.150.12 to 0.18final
1913Nitrous oxide0.050.04 to 0.05final
1913Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1913Ozone0.100.05 to 0.14final
1913Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1913Aerosols (total)−0.54−0.93 to −0.21final
1913Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.09−0.20 to 0.02final
1913Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.45−0.82 to −0.13final
1913Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1913Land use−0.13−0.20 to −0.04final
1913Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1913Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.67−0.83 to −0.51final
1913Solar−0.06−0.11 to −0.01final
1913Volcanic−0.61−0.77 to −0.46final
1913Total (human-caused and natural)−0.56−0.99 to −0.16final
1914Total human-caused0.15−0.24 to 0.49final
1914Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.650.59 to 0.71final
1914Carbon dioxide0.450.40 to 0.50final
1914Methane0.150.12 to 0.18final
1914Nitrous oxide0.050.04 to 0.05final
1914Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1914Ozone0.100.05 to 0.15final
1914Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1914Aerosols (total)−0.52−0.90 to −0.20final
1914Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.09−0.19 to 0.02final
1914Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.43−0.79 to −0.13final
1914Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1914Land use−0.13−0.20 to −0.04final
1914Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1914Natural (solar and volcanic)0.02−0.03 to 0.07final
1914Solar−0.05−0.09 to 0.00final
1914Volcanic0.060.05 to 0.08final
1914Total (human-caused and natural)0.17−0.23 to 0.52final
1915Total human-caused0.17−0.21 to 0.51final
1915Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.660.60 to 0.73final
1915Carbon dioxide0.460.40 to 0.51final
1915Methane0.160.12 to 0.19final
1915Nitrous oxide0.050.04 to 0.06final
1915Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1915Ozone0.100.05 to 0.15final
1915Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1915Aerosols (total)−0.51−0.88 to −0.19final
1915Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.08−0.18 to 0.02final
1915Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.42−0.78 to −0.12final
1915Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1915Land use−0.13−0.20 to −0.04final
1915Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1915Natural (solar and volcanic)0.210.15 to 0.28final
1915Solar0.01−0.04 to 0.05final
1915Volcanic0.210.15 to 0.26final
1915Total (human-caused and natural)0.38−0.01 to 0.73final
1916Total human-caused0.16−0.24 to 0.51final
1916Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.680.61 to 0.74final
1916Carbon dioxide0.470.41 to 0.52final
1916Methane0.160.13 to 0.19final
1916Nitrous oxide0.050.04 to 0.06final
1916Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1916Ozone0.100.05 to 0.15final
1916Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1916Aerosols (total)−0.53−0.92 to −0.21final
1916Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.09−0.20 to 0.02final
1916Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.44−0.81 to −0.13final
1916Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1916Land use−0.13−0.21 to −0.04final
1916Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1916Natural (solar and volcanic)0.250.18 to 0.33final
1916Solar0.03−0.02 to 0.07final
1916Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.29final
1916Total (human-caused and natural)0.410.01 to 0.77final
1917Total human-caused0.16−0.25 to 0.52final
1917Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.690.62 to 0.76final
1917Carbon dioxide0.480.42 to 0.54final
1917Methane0.160.13 to 0.19final
1917Nitrous oxide0.050.04 to 0.06final
1917Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1917Ozone0.100.05 to 0.16final
1917Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1917Aerosols (total)−0.56−0.95 to −0.21final
1917Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.10−0.21 to 0.02final
1917Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.46−0.84 to −0.14final
1917Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1917Land use−0.13−0.21 to −0.04final
1917Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.08final
1917Natural (solar and volcanic)0.300.22 to 0.38final
1917Solar0.070.02 to 0.13final
1917Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1917Total (human-caused and natural)0.450.04 to 0.83final
1918Total human-caused0.17−0.24 to 0.54final
1918Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.700.64 to 0.77final
1918Carbon dioxide0.490.43 to 0.54final
1918Methane0.170.13 to 0.20final
1918Nitrous oxide0.050.04 to 0.06final
1918Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1918Ozone0.110.05 to 0.16final
1918Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.02final
1918Aerosols (total)−0.56−0.95 to −0.21final
1918Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.10−0.21 to 0.02final
1918Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.46−0.84 to −0.14final
1918Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1918Land use−0.13−0.21 to −0.05final
1918Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.08final
1918Natural (solar and volcanic)0.220.16 to 0.29final
1918Solar0.060.00 to 0.11final
1918Volcanic0.160.12 to 0.21final
1918Total (human-caused and natural)0.39−0.02 to 0.77final
1919Total human-caused0.24−0.14 to 0.58final
1919Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.710.64 to 0.78final
1919Carbon dioxide0.490.43 to 0.55final
1919Methane0.170.14 to 0.20final
1919Nitrous oxide0.050.04 to 0.06final
1919Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1919Ozone0.110.05 to 0.16final
1919Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.03final
1919Aerosols (total)−0.49−0.86 to −0.19final
1919Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.08−0.18 to 0.02final
1919Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.41−0.77 to −0.12final
1919Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1919Land use−0.13−0.21 to −0.05final
1919Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1919Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.01−0.05 to 0.04final
1919Solar0.02−0.03 to 0.06final
1919Volcanic−0.02−0.03 to −0.02final
1919Total (human-caused and natural)0.24−0.15 to 0.57final
1920Total human-caused0.22−0.18 to 0.58final
1920Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.730.66 to 0.79final
1920Carbon dioxide0.500.44 to 0.56final
1920Methane0.170.14 to 0.21final
1920Nitrous oxide0.050.04 to 0.06final
1920Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1920Ozone0.110.06 to 0.17final
1920Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.03final
1920Aerosols (total)−0.54−0.92 to −0.20final
1920Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.09−0.20 to 0.02final
1920Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.44−0.81 to −0.13final
1920Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1920Land use−0.13−0.21 to −0.05final
1920Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1920Natural (solar and volcanic)0.160.09 to 0.22final
1920Solar−0.02−0.06 to 0.03final
1920Volcanic0.170.13 to 0.22final
1920Total (human-caused and natural)0.38−0.03 to 0.74final
1921Total human-caused0.29−0.08 to 0.62final
1921Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.740.67 to 0.81final
1921Carbon dioxide0.510.45 to 0.57final
1921Methane0.180.14 to 0.21final
1921Nitrous oxide0.050.05 to 0.06final
1921Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1921Ozone0.110.06 to 0.17final
1921Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.03final
1921Aerosols (total)−0.47−0.83 to −0.18final
1921Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.08−0.17 to 0.02final
1921Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.39−0.74 to −0.12final
1921Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1921Land use−0.13−0.21 to −0.05final
1921Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1921Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.12 to 0.27final
1921Solar−0.03−0.07 to 0.02final
1921Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1921Total (human-caused and natural)0.490.11 to 0.82final
1922Total human-caused0.30−0.08 to 0.62final
1922Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.750.67 to 0.82final
1922Carbon dioxide0.510.45 to 0.57final
1922Methane0.180.14 to 0.22final
1922Nitrous oxide0.050.05 to 0.06final
1922Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1922Ozone0.110.06 to 0.17final
1922Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.03final
1922Aerosols (total)−0.48−0.84 to −0.18final
1922Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.08−0.17 to 0.02final
1922Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.40−0.74 to −0.12final
1922Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1922Land use−0.13−0.21 to −0.05final
1922Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1922Natural (solar and volcanic)0.180.11 to 0.26final
1922Solar−0.05−0.10 to 0.00final
1922Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.29final
1922Total (human-caused and natural)0.480.10 to 0.82final
1923Total human-caused0.26−0.15 to 0.62final
1923Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.760.68 to 0.83final
1923Carbon dioxide0.520.46 to 0.58final
1923Methane0.180.15 to 0.22final
1923Nitrous oxide0.050.05 to 0.06final
1923Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1923Ozone0.120.06 to 0.18final
1923Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.03final
1923Aerosols (total)−0.53−0.93 to −0.20final
1923Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.09−0.19 to 0.02final
1923Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.45−0.83 to −0.13final
1923Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1923Land use−0.13−0.22 to −0.05final
1923Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1923Natural (solar and volcanic)0.180.10 to 0.26final
1923Solar−0.05−0.10 to 0.00final
1923Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.29final
1923Total (human-caused and natural)0.440.02 to 0.81final
1924Total human-caused0.28−0.12 to 0.63final
1924Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.770.69 to 0.84final
1924Carbon dioxide0.520.46 to 0.59final
1924Methane0.190.15 to 0.22final
1924Nitrous oxide0.050.05 to 0.06final
1924Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1924Ozone0.120.06 to 0.18final
1924Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.03final
1924Aerosols (total)−0.52−0.90 to −0.20final
1924Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.09−0.19 to 0.02final
1924Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.44−0.80 to −0.13final
1924Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1924Land use−0.13−0.22 to −0.05final
1924Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.08final
1924Natural (solar and volcanic)0.01−0.04 to 0.06final
1924Solar−0.04−0.09 to 0.01final
1924Volcanic0.050.04 to 0.06final
1924Total (human-caused and natural)0.29−0.12 to 0.65final
1925Total human-caused0.28−0.12 to 0.64final
1925Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.770.70 to 0.84final
1925Carbon dioxide0.530.46 to 0.59final
1925Methane0.190.15 to 0.23final
1925Nitrous oxide0.050.05 to 0.06final
1925Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1925Ozone0.120.06 to 0.18final
1925Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.03final
1925Aerosols (total)−0.52−0.91 to −0.20final
1925Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.09−0.19 to 0.02final
1925Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.44−0.81 to −0.13final
1925Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1925Land use−0.14−0.22 to −0.05final
1925Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.08final
1925Natural (solar and volcanic)0.140.08 to 0.20final
1925Solar−0.01−0.06 to 0.03final
1925Volcanic0.150.11 to 0.19final
1925Total (human-caused and natural)0.420.01 to 0.78final
1926Total human-caused0.28−0.13 to 0.64final
1926Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.770.70 to 0.85final
1926Carbon dioxide0.530.47 to 0.59final
1926Methane0.190.15 to 0.23final
1926Nitrous oxide0.050.05 to 0.06final
1926Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1926Ozone0.120.06 to 0.18final
1926Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.03final
1926Aerosols (total)−0.53−0.92 to −0.20final
1926Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.09−0.20 to 0.02final
1926Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.44−0.81 to −0.13final
1926Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1926Land use−0.14−0.22 to −0.05final
1926Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.08final
1926Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.06−0.10 to −0.01final
1926Solar0.01−0.03 to 0.06final
1926Volcanic−0.07−0.09 to −0.05final
1926Total (human-caused and natural)0.22−0.19 to 0.58final
1927Total human-caused0.26−0.16 to 0.63final
1927Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.780.70 to 0.85final
1927Carbon dioxide0.530.47 to 0.60final
1927Methane0.190.15 to 0.23final
1927Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.06final
1927Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1927Ozone0.130.06 to 0.19final
1927Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.03final
1927Aerosols (total)−0.56−0.96 to −0.21final
1927Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.10−0.21 to 0.02final
1927Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.46−0.84 to −0.14final
1927Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1927Land use−0.14−0.22 to −0.05final
1927Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1927Natural (solar and volcanic)0.120.07 to 0.17final
1927Solar0.03−0.02 to 0.08final
1927Volcanic0.090.06 to 0.11final
1927Total (human-caused and natural)0.38−0.04 to 0.76final
1928Total human-caused0.26−0.15 to 0.64final
1928Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.780.71 to 0.86final
1928Carbon dioxide0.540.47 to 0.60final
1928Methane0.190.15 to 0.23final
1928Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.06final
1928Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1928Ozone0.130.06 to 0.19final
1928Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.03final
1928Aerosols (total)−0.56−0.96 to −0.22final
1928Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.10−0.21 to 0.01final
1928Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.46−0.84 to −0.14final
1928Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1928Land use−0.14−0.22 to −0.05final
1928Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.08final
1928Natural (solar and volcanic)0.240.17 to 0.31final
1928Solar0.03−0.02 to 0.08final
1928Volcanic0.210.16 to 0.26final
1928Total (human-caused and natural)0.500.08 to 0.88final
1929Total human-caused0.24−0.19 to 0.63final
1929Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.790.71 to 0.87final
1929Carbon dioxide0.540.47 to 0.60final
1929Methane0.200.16 to 0.23final
1929Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.06final
1929Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1929Ozone0.130.07 to 0.20final
1929Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.010.00 to 0.03final
1929Aerosols (total)−0.59−1.00 to −0.23final
1929Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.11−0.23 to 0.01final
1929Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.49−0.88 to −0.14final
1929Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1929Land use−0.14−0.23 to −0.05final
1929Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1929Natural (solar and volcanic)0.230.15 to 0.30final
1929Solar0.01−0.04 to 0.05final
1929Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.28final
1929Total (human-caused and natural)0.460.03 to 0.86final
1930Total human-caused0.27−0.15 to 0.65final
1930Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.800.72 to 0.87final
1930Carbon dioxide0.540.48 to 0.61final
1930Methane0.200.16 to 0.24final
1930Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.06final
1930Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1930Ozone0.130.07 to 0.20final
1930Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.03final
1930Aerosols (total)−0.57−0.97 to −0.22final
1930Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.10−0.22 to 0.01final
1930Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.47−0.85 to −0.14final
1930Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1930Land use−0.14−0.23 to −0.05final
1930Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.08final
1930Natural (solar and volcanic)0.220.15 to 0.29final
1930Solar0.00−0.05 to 0.04final
1930Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.28final
1930Total (human-caused and natural)0.490.06 to 0.88final
1931Total human-caused0.33−0.05 to 0.68final
1931Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.800.73 to 0.88final
1931Carbon dioxide0.540.48 to 0.61final
1931Methane0.200.16 to 0.24final
1931Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.06final
1931Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1931Ozone0.130.07 to 0.20final
1931Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.03final
1931Aerosols (total)−0.50−0.87 to −0.19final
1931Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.09−0.19 to 0.01final
1931Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.41−0.76 to −0.12final
1931Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1931Land use−0.14−0.23 to −0.05final
1931Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1931Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.12 to 0.26final
1931Solar−0.02−0.07 to 0.02final
1931Volcanic0.210.16 to 0.27final
1931Total (human-caused and natural)0.520.13 to 0.87final
1932Total human-caused0.380.00 to 0.70final
1932Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.810.73 to 0.89final
1932Carbon dioxide0.550.48 to 0.62final
1932Methane0.200.16 to 0.24final
1932Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.06final
1932Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1932Ozone0.130.07 to 0.20final
1932Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.03final
1932Aerosols (total)−0.47−0.82 to −0.18final
1932Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.08−0.17 to 0.01final
1932Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.39−0.73 to −0.11final
1932Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1932Land use−0.14−0.23 to −0.05final
1932Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1932Natural (solar and volcanic)0.080.02 to 0.14final
1932Solar−0.04−0.09 to 0.01final
1932Volcanic0.120.09 to 0.15final
1932Total (human-caused and natural)0.460.08 to 0.79final
1933Total human-caused0.37−0.01 to 0.70final
1933Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.820.74 to 0.90final
1933Carbon dioxide0.550.49 to 0.62final
1933Methane0.210.16 to 0.25final
1933Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.07final
1933Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1933Ozone0.130.07 to 0.20final
1933Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.03final
1933Aerosols (total)−0.48−0.84 to −0.19final
1933Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.08−0.18 to 0.01final
1933Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.40−0.74 to −0.12final
1933Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1933Land use−0.14−0.23 to −0.05final
1933Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1933Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.21−0.28 to −0.14final
1933Solar−0.05−0.10 to 0.01final
1933Volcanic−0.16−0.20 to −0.12final
1933Total (human-caused and natural)0.16−0.23 to 0.50final
1934Total human-caused0.34−0.07 to 0.70final
1934Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.830.75 to 0.91final
1934Carbon dioxide0.560.49 to 0.63final
1934Methane0.210.17 to 0.25final
1934Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.07final
1934Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1934Ozone0.140.07 to 0.21final
1934Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.03final
1934Aerosols (total)−0.53−0.91 to −0.21final
1934Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.09−0.20 to 0.01final
1934Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.44−0.81 to −0.13final
1934Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1934Land use−0.15−0.23 to −0.05final
1934Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1934Natural (solar and volcanic)0.070.01 to 0.12final
1934Solar−0.04−0.09 to 0.01final
1934Volcanic0.100.08 to 0.13final
1934Total (human-caused and natural)0.400.00 to 0.77final
1935Total human-caused0.32−0.09 to 0.70final
1935Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.840.76 to 0.92final
1935Carbon dioxide0.570.50 to 0.64final
1935Methane0.210.17 to 0.25final
1935Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.07final
1935Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1935Ozone0.140.07 to 0.21final
1935Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.03final
1935Aerosols (total)−0.56−0.95 to −0.22final
1935Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.10−0.21 to 0.01final
1935Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.46−0.83 to −0.14final
1935Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1935Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1935Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1935Natural (solar and volcanic)0.200.13 to 0.27final
1935Solar−0.01−0.06 to 0.04final
1935Volcanic0.210.16 to 0.26final
1935Total (human-caused and natural)0.530.11 to 0.91final
1936Total human-caused0.31−0.13 to 0.71final
1936Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.860.77 to 0.94final
1936Carbon dioxide0.580.51 to 0.65final
1936Methane0.210.17 to 0.26final
1936Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.07final
1936Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1936Ozone0.150.07 to 0.22final
1936Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.03final
1936Aerosols (total)−0.60−1.01 to −0.23final
1936Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.11−0.23 to 0.01final
1936Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.49−0.88 to −0.14final
1936Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1936Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1936Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1936Natural (solar and volcanic)0.280.20 to 0.36final
1936Solar0.060.00 to 0.11final
1936Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.28final
1936Total (human-caused and natural)0.590.15 to 1.00final
1937Total human-caused0.30−0.14 to 0.71final
1937Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.870.79 to 0.96final
1937Carbon dioxide0.600.52 to 0.67final
1937Methane0.220.17 to 0.26final
1937Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.07final
1937Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1937Ozone0.150.07 to 0.22final
1937Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.03final
1937Aerosols (total)−0.62−1.04 to −0.25final
1937Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.12−0.25 to 0.01final
1937Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.50−0.90 to −0.15final
1937Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1937Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1937Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1937Natural (solar and volcanic)0.300.21 to 0.38final
1937Solar0.080.02 to 0.14final
1937Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.27final
1937Total (human-caused and natural)0.600.15 to 1.02final
1938Total human-caused0.35−0.07 to 0.74final
1938Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.890.80 to 0.97final
1938Carbon dioxide0.610.53 to 0.68final
1938Methane0.220.17 to 0.26final
1938Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.07final
1938Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1938Ozone0.150.07 to 0.22final
1938Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.03final
1938Aerosols (total)−0.58−0.98 to −0.23final
1938Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.11−0.23 to 0.01final
1938Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.47−0.85 to −0.14final
1938Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1938Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1938Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.07final
1938Natural (solar and volcanic)0.290.21 to 0.37final
1938Solar0.070.01 to 0.13final
1938Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1938Total (human-caused and natural)0.640.21 to 1.03final
1939Total human-caused0.33−0.11 to 0.74final
1939Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.900.81 to 0.99final
1939Carbon dioxide0.620.54 to 0.69final
1939Methane0.220.18 to 0.27final
1939Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.07final
1939Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1939Ozone0.150.08 to 0.23final
1939Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.03final
1939Aerosols (total)−0.62−1.04 to −0.25final
1939Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.12−0.25 to 0.01final
1939Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.50−0.90 to −0.15final
1939Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1939Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1939Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.08final
1939Natural (solar and volcanic)0.280.20 to 0.36final
1939Solar0.050.00 to 0.11final
1939Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.28final
1939Total (human-caused and natural)0.610.16 to 1.02final
1940Total human-caused0.31−0.15 to 0.74final
1940Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.910.82 to 1.00final
1940Carbon dioxide0.620.55 to 0.70final
1940Methane0.220.18 to 0.27final
1940Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.07final
1940Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1940Ozone0.150.08 to 0.23final
1940Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.03final
1940Aerosols (total)−0.66−1.09 to −0.26final
1940Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.13−0.27 to 0.00final
1940Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.52−0.94 to −0.16final
1940Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1940Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1940Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1940Natural (solar and volcanic)0.260.18 to 0.34final
1940Solar0.03−0.02 to 0.08final
1940Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.29final
1940Total (human-caused and natural)0.570.10 to 1.00final
1941Total human-caused0.31−0.16 to 0.74final
1941Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.920.83 to 1.01final
1941Carbon dioxide0.630.56 to 0.71final
1941Methane0.220.18 to 0.27final
1941Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.07final
1941Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1941Ozone0.150.08 to 0.23final
1941Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.03final
1941Aerosols (total)−0.67−1.12 to −0.27final
1941Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.14−0.28 to 0.00final
1941Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.54−0.96 to −0.16final
1941Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1941Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1941Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1941Natural (solar and volcanic)0.240.17 to 0.32final
1941Solar0.02−0.03 to 0.07final
1941Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.29final
1941Total (human-caused and natural)0.550.08 to 0.99final
1942Total human-caused0.30−0.18 to 0.75final
1942Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.930.84 to 1.02final
1942Carbon dioxide0.640.56 to 0.71final
1942Methane0.230.18 to 0.27final
1942Nitrous oxide0.060.05 to 0.07final
1942Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.00final
1942Ozone0.160.08 to 0.24final
1942Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.03final
1942Aerosols (total)−0.70−1.15 to −0.28final
1942Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.14−0.29 to 0.00final
1942Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.55−0.98 to −0.17final
1942Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1942Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1942Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1942Natural (solar and volcanic)0.220.14 to 0.29final
1942Solar−0.01−0.06 to 0.04final
1942Volcanic0.230.17 to 0.28final
1942Total (human-caused and natural)0.520.03 to 0.97final
1943Total human-caused0.31−0.17 to 0.76final
1943Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.940.85 to 1.03final
1943Carbon dioxide0.640.56 to 0.72final
1943Methane0.230.18 to 0.27final
1943Nitrous oxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1943Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.01final
1943Ozone0.160.08 to 0.24final
1943Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1943Aerosols (total)−0.70−1.16 to −0.28final
1943Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.14−0.29 to 0.00final
1943Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.56−0.99 to −0.17final
1943Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1943Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1943Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1943Natural (solar and volcanic)0.01−0.04 to 0.07final
1943Solar−0.03−0.09 to 0.02final
1943Volcanic0.050.04 to 0.06final
1943Total (human-caused and natural)0.32−0.16 to 0.78final
1944Total human-caused0.32−0.15 to 0.77final
1944Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.940.85 to 1.04final
1944Carbon dioxide0.640.57 to 0.72final
1944Methane0.230.18 to 0.28final
1944Nitrous oxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1944Halogenated gases0.000.00 to 0.01final
1944Ozone0.160.08 to 0.24final
1944Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1944Aerosols (total)−0.69−1.14 to −0.28final
1944Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.14−0.28 to 0.00final
1944Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.55−0.98 to −0.17final
1944Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1944Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1944Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.09final
1944Natural (solar and volcanic)0.060.00 to 0.12final
1944Solar−0.04−0.09 to 0.02final
1944Volcanic0.100.07 to 0.12final
1944Total (human-caused and natural)0.39−0.09 to 0.84final
1945Total human-caused0.40−0.04 to 0.81final
1945Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.950.86 to 1.04final
1945Carbon dioxide0.640.56 to 0.72final
1945Methane0.230.19 to 0.28final
1945Nitrous oxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1945Halogenated gases0.010.00 to 0.01final
1945Ozone0.160.08 to 0.24final
1945Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1945Aerosols (total)−0.61−1.03 to −0.24final
1945Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.12−0.24 to 0.01final
1945Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.50−0.89 to −0.15final
1945Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1945Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1945Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.08final
1945Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.12 to 0.26final
1945Solar0.00−0.05 to 0.05final
1945Volcanic0.190.14 to 0.24final
1945Total (human-caused and natural)0.590.15 to 1.01final
1946Total human-caused0.42−0.01 to 0.82final
1946Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.950.86 to 1.04final
1946Carbon dioxide0.640.56 to 0.72final
1946Methane0.230.19 to 0.28final
1946Nitrous oxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1946Halogenated gases0.010.00 to 0.01final
1946Ozone0.160.08 to 0.24final
1946Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1946Aerosols (total)−0.60−1.01 to −0.24final
1946Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.11−0.24 to 0.01final
1946Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.48−0.87 to −0.14final
1946Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1946Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1946Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.08final
1946Natural (solar and volcanic)0.260.18 to 0.34final
1946Solar0.04−0.01 to 0.10final
1946Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.27final
1946Total (human-caused and natural)0.680.24 to 1.09final
1947Total human-caused0.39−0.06 to 0.81final
1947Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.960.86 to 1.05final
1947Carbon dioxide0.640.57 to 0.72final
1947Methane0.240.19 to 0.28final
1947Nitrous oxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1947Halogenated gases0.010.01 to 0.01final
1947Ozone0.170.08 to 0.25final
1947Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1947Aerosols (total)−0.64−1.07 to −0.26final
1947Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.13−0.26 to 0.00final
1947Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.51−0.92 to −0.15final
1947Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1947Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1947Black carbon on snow and ice0.030.00 to 0.08final
1947Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.12 to 0.26final
1947Solar0.080.01 to 0.14final
1947Volcanic0.120.09 to 0.15final
1947Total (human-caused and natural)0.580.13 to 1.01final
1948Total human-caused0.37−0.09 to 0.81final
1948Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.960.87 to 1.05final
1948Carbon dioxide0.640.57 to 0.72final
1948Methane0.240.19 to 0.29final
1948Nitrous oxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1948Halogenated gases0.010.01 to 0.01final
1948Ozone0.170.09 to 0.26final
1948Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1948Aerosols (total)−0.67−1.11 to −0.27final
1948Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.14−0.27 to 0.00final
1948Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.53−0.95 to −0.16final
1948Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1948Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1948Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1948Natural (solar and volcanic)0.240.16 to 0.32final
1948Solar0.090.02 to 0.16final
1948Volcanic0.150.11 to 0.19final
1948Total (human-caused and natural)0.610.14 to 1.06final
1949Total human-caused0.38−0.08 to 0.81final
1949Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.970.87 to 1.06final
1949Carbon dioxide0.650.57 to 0.72final
1949Methane0.240.19 to 0.29final
1949Nitrous oxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1949Halogenated gases0.010.01 to 0.01final
1949Ozone0.170.09 to 0.26final
1949Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1949Aerosols (total)−0.66−1.10 to −0.27final
1949Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.14−0.27 to 0.00final
1949Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.53−0.94 to −0.16final
1949Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1949Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1949Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1949Natural (solar and volcanic)0.280.20 to 0.37final
1949Solar0.070.01 to 0.14final
1949Volcanic0.210.16 to 0.26final
1949Total (human-caused and natural)0.670.20 to 1.10final
1950Total human-caused0.35−0.14 to 0.81final
1950Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.970.88 to 1.07final
1950Carbon dioxide0.650.57 to 0.73final
1950Methane0.240.20 to 0.29final
1950Nitrous oxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1950Halogenated gases0.010.01 to 0.01final
1950Ozone0.180.09 to 0.27final
1950Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1950Aerosols (total)−0.71−1.18 to −0.29final
1950Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.15−0.29 to 0.00final
1950Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.57−1.00 to −0.17final
1950Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1950Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1950Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.09final
1950Natural (solar and volcanic)0.260.18 to 0.34final
1950Solar0.04−0.02 to 0.09final
1950Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1950Total (human-caused and natural)0.610.11 to 1.07final
1951Total human-caused0.35−0.13 to 0.81final
1951Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.980.89 to 1.07final
1951Carbon dioxide0.650.57 to 0.73final
1951Methane0.250.20 to 0.30final
1951Nitrous oxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1951Halogenated gases0.010.01 to 0.01final
1951Ozone0.180.09 to 0.27final
1951Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1951Aerosols (total)−0.71−1.17 to −0.29final
1951Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.16−0.31 to −0.01final
1951Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.55−0.99 to −0.17final
1951Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1951Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1951Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1951Natural (solar and volcanic)0.200.13 to 0.28final
1951Solar0.01−0.04 to 0.06final
1951Volcanic0.200.15 to 0.25final
1951Total (human-caused and natural)0.560.07 to 1.02final
1952Total human-caused0.35−0.15 to 0.81final
1952Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)0.990.90 to 1.08final
1952Carbon dioxide0.660.58 to 0.74final
1952Methane0.250.20 to 0.30final
1952Nitrous oxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1952Halogenated gases0.010.01 to 0.02final
1952Ozone0.180.09 to 0.27final
1952Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1952Aerosols (total)−0.73−1.20 to −0.30final
1952Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.16−0.31 to −0.01final
1952Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.57−1.01 to −0.17final
1952Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1952Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.05final
1952Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1952Natural (solar and volcanic)0.180.11 to 0.25final
1952Solar−0.02−0.07 to 0.04final
1952Volcanic0.200.15 to 0.25final
1952Total (human-caused and natural)0.530.03 to 1.00final
1953Total human-caused0.34−0.16 to 0.82final
1953Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.000.91 to 1.10final
1953Carbon dioxide0.660.58 to 0.74final
1953Methane0.250.20 to 0.31final
1953Nitrous oxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1953Halogenated gases0.010.01 to 0.02final
1953Ozone0.190.09 to 0.28final
1953Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1953Aerosols (total)−0.75−1.24 to −0.31final
1953Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.17−0.32 to −0.01final
1953Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.59−1.04 to −0.18final
1953Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1953Land use−0.15−0.24 to −0.06final
1953Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1953Natural (solar and volcanic)0.180.10 to 0.26final
1953Solar−0.03−0.09 to 0.02final
1953Volcanic0.210.16 to 0.26final
1953Total (human-caused and natural)0.520.01 to 1.00final
1954Total human-caused0.35−0.17 to 0.83final
1954Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.020.92 to 1.11final
1954Carbon dioxide0.670.59 to 0.75final
1954Methane0.260.21 to 0.31final
1954Nitrous oxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1954Halogenated gases0.010.01 to 0.02final
1954Ozone0.190.10 to 0.29final
1954Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1954Aerosols (total)−0.77−1.26 to −0.32final
1954Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.17−0.33 to −0.01final
1954Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.60−1.06 to −0.18final
1954Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1954Land use−0.16−0.25 to −0.06final
1954Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.08final
1954Natural (solar and volcanic)0.180.10 to 0.26final
1954Solar−0.04−0.10 to 0.02final
1954Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.27final
1954Total (human-caused and natural)0.520.01 to 1.02final
1955Total human-caused0.32−0.22 to 0.83final
1955Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.030.93 to 1.13final
1955Carbon dioxide0.680.59 to 0.76final
1955Methane0.270.21 to 0.32final
1955Nitrous oxide0.070.06 to 0.08final
1955Halogenated gases0.020.01 to 0.02final
1955Ozone0.200.10 to 0.30final
1955Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1955Aerosols (total)−0.81−1.33 to −0.34final
1955Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.19−0.36 to −0.01final
1955Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.62−1.11 to −0.19final
1955Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1955Land use−0.16−0.25 to −0.06final
1955Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.09final
1955Natural (solar and volcanic)0.200.12 to 0.27final
1955Solar−0.02−0.07 to 0.03final
1955Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.27final
1955Total (human-caused and natural)0.52−0.02 to 1.04final
1956Total human-caused0.29−0.28 to 0.84final
1956Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.050.95 to 1.14final
1956Carbon dioxide0.680.60 to 0.76final
1956Methane0.270.22 to 0.33final
1956Nitrous oxide0.070.06 to 0.09final
1956Halogenated gases0.020.01 to 0.02final
1956Ozone0.210.11 to 0.31final
1956Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1956Aerosols (total)−0.87−1.42 to −0.36final
1956Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.20−0.39 to −0.01final
1956Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.67−1.18 to −0.20final
1956Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1956Land use−0.16−0.25 to −0.06final
1956Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.09final
1956Natural (solar and volcanic)0.130.07 to 0.19final
1956Solar0.05−0.01 to 0.11final
1956Volcanic0.080.06 to 0.10final
1956Total (human-caused and natural)0.42−0.15 to 0.97final
1957Total human-caused0.28−0.30 to 0.85final
1957Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.060.96 to 1.16final
1957Carbon dioxide0.690.60 to 0.77final
1957Methane0.280.22 to 0.34final
1957Nitrous oxide0.080.07 to 0.09final
1957Halogenated gases0.020.02 to 0.02final
1957Ozone0.220.11 to 0.33final
1957Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.04final
1957Aerosols (total)−0.90−1.47 to −0.38final
1957Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.21−0.40 to −0.01final
1957Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.70−1.22 to −0.21final
1957Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1957Land use−0.16−0.25 to −0.06final
1957Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.10final
1957Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.11 to 0.27final
1957Solar0.110.03 to 0.18final
1957Volcanic0.080.06 to 0.10final
1957Total (human-caused and natural)0.47−0.12 to 1.04final
1958Total human-caused0.31−0.28 to 0.87final
1958Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.080.97 to 1.18final
1958Carbon dioxide0.690.61 to 0.77final
1958Methane0.290.23 to 0.34final
1958Nitrous oxide0.080.07 to 0.09final
1958Halogenated gases0.020.02 to 0.03final
1958Ozone0.220.11 to 0.32final
1958Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.05final
1958Aerosols (total)−0.89−1.45 to −0.37final
1958Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.21−0.40 to −0.01final
1958Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.68−1.21 to −0.20final
1958Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1958Land use−0.16−0.26 to −0.06final
1958Black carbon on snow and ice0.040.00 to 0.10final
1958Natural (solar and volcanic)0.290.20 to 0.38final
1958Solar0.100.03 to 0.18final
1958Volcanic0.190.14 to 0.24final
1958Total (human-caused and natural)0.600.01 to 1.17final
1959Total human-caused0.31−0.30 to 0.88final
1959Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.090.99 to 1.19final
1959Carbon dioxide0.700.62 to 0.78final
1959Methane0.290.23 to 0.35final
1959Nitrous oxide0.080.07 to 0.09final
1959Halogenated gases0.020.02 to 0.03final
1959Ozone0.220.11 to 0.33final
1959Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.05final
1959Aerosols (total)−0.91−1.49 to −0.38final
1959Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.22−0.42 to −0.01final
1959Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.70−1.24 to −0.21final
1959Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1959Land use−0.16−0.26 to −0.06final
1959Black carbon on snow and ice0.050.00 to 0.10final
1959Natural (solar and volcanic)0.280.20 to 0.37final
1959Solar0.060.00 to 0.13final
1959Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.27final
1959Total (human-caused and natural)0.59−0.02 to 1.16final
1960Total human-caused0.30−0.33 to 0.89final
1960Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.111.01 to 1.22final
1960Carbon dioxide0.710.63 to 0.80final
1960Methane0.290.23 to 0.35final
1960Nitrous oxide0.080.07 to 0.09final
1960Halogenated gases0.030.02 to 0.03final
1960Ozone0.220.11 to 0.34final
1960Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.05final
1960Aerosols (total)−0.95−1.56 to −0.40final
1960Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.23−0.44 to −0.01final
1960Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.72−1.29 to −0.22final
1960Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1960Land use−0.16−0.26 to −0.06final
1960Black carbon on snow and ice0.050.00 to 0.11final
1960Natural (solar and volcanic)0.270.19 to 0.35final
1960Solar0.04−0.01 to 0.10final
1960Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1960Total (human-caused and natural)0.56−0.07 to 1.16final
1961Total human-caused0.29−0.35 to 0.89final
1961Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.131.02 to 1.24final
1961Carbon dioxide0.730.64 to 0.81final
1961Methane0.300.24 to 0.35final
1961Nitrous oxide0.080.07 to 0.09final
1961Halogenated gases0.030.02 to 0.04final
1961Ozone0.230.12 to 0.35final
1961Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.05final
1961Aerosols (total)−0.98−1.60 to −0.42final
1961Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.24−0.46 to −0.02final
1961Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.74−1.32 to −0.22final
1961Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1961Land use−0.16−0.26 to −0.06final
1961Black carbon on snow and ice0.050.00 to 0.11final
1961Natural (solar and volcanic)0.220.14 to 0.30final
1961Solar0.00−0.06 to 0.05final
1961Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1961Total (human-caused and natural)0.51−0.14 to 1.12final
1962Total human-caused0.31−0.35 to 0.92final
1962Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.151.05 to 1.26final
1962Carbon dioxide0.740.65 to 0.83final
1962Methane0.300.24 to 0.36final
1962Nitrous oxide0.080.07 to 0.09final
1962Halogenated gases0.030.03 to 0.04final
1962Ozone0.230.12 to 0.35final
1962Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.020.00 to 0.05final
1962Aerosols (total)−0.99−1.62 to −0.42final
1962Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.25−0.47 to −0.02final
1962Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.75−1.33 to −0.22final
1962Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1962Land use−0.16−0.26 to −0.06final
1962Black carbon on snow and ice0.050.00 to 0.11final
1962Natural (solar and volcanic)0.200.12 to 0.28final
1962Solar−0.03−0.08 to 0.03final
1962Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1962Total (human-caused and natural)0.50−0.16 to 1.12final
1963Total human-caused0.28−0.40 to 0.93final
1963Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.181.07 to 1.29final
1963Carbon dioxide0.750.66 to 0.84final
1963Methane0.310.25 to 0.37final
1963Nitrous oxide0.080.07 to 0.09final
1963Halogenated gases0.040.03 to 0.05final
1963Ozone0.250.12 to 0.37final
1963Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.030.00 to 0.05final
1963Aerosols (total)−1.06−1.72 to −0.45final
1963Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.26−0.50 to −0.03final
1963Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.80−1.40 to −0.24final
1963Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1963Land use−0.16−0.26 to −0.06final
1963Black carbon on snow and ice0.050.00 to 0.11final
1963Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.70−0.88 to −0.52final
1963Solar−0.04−0.09 to 0.02final
1963Volcanic−0.66−0.83 to −0.50final
1963Total (human-caused and natural)−0.42−1.12 to 0.25final
1964Total human-caused0.31−0.40 to 0.96final
1964Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.201.09 to 1.32final
1964Carbon dioxide0.760.67 to 0.85final
1964Methane0.320.25 to 0.38final
1964Nitrous oxide0.080.07 to 0.10final
1964Halogenated gases0.040.03 to 0.05final
1964Ozone0.250.13 to 0.38final
1964Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.030.00 to 0.05final
1964Aerosols (total)−1.05−1.74 to −0.45final
1964Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.27−0.52 to −0.03final
1964Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.78−1.41 to −0.23final
1964Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1964Land use−0.17−0.26 to −0.06final
1964Black carbon on snow and ice0.050.00 to 0.11final
1964Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.59−0.73 to −0.44final
1964Solar−0.04−0.10 to 0.02final
1964Volcanic−0.55−0.69 to −0.41final
1964Total (human-caused and natural)−0.28−1.00 to 0.39final
1965Total human-caused0.31−0.41 to 0.97final
1965Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.221.11 to 1.34final
1965Carbon dioxide0.770.68 to 0.86final
1965Methane0.320.26 to 0.39final
1965Nitrous oxide0.080.07 to 0.10final
1965Halogenated gases0.050.04 to 0.06final
1965Ozone0.260.13 to 0.39final
1965Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.030.00 to 0.05final
1965Aerosols (total)−1.08−1.78 to −0.46final
1965Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.29−0.54 to −0.03final
1965Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.79−1.44 to −0.24final
1965Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1965Land use−0.17−0.26 to −0.06final
1965Black carbon on snow and ice0.050.00 to 0.11final
1965Natural (solar and volcanic)0.02−0.04 to 0.08final
1965Solar−0.03−0.09 to 0.02final
1965Volcanic0.060.04 to 0.07final
1965Total (human-caused and natural)0.34−0.39 to 1.00final
1966Total human-caused0.33−0.40 to 1.00final
1966Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.261.14 to 1.37final
1966Carbon dioxide0.790.69 to 0.88final
1966Methane0.330.26 to 0.40final
1966Nitrous oxide0.090.07 to 0.10final
1966Halogenated gases0.050.04 to 0.06final
1966Ozone0.260.13 to 0.39final
1966Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.030.00 to 0.05final
1966Aerosols (total)−1.09−1.81 to −0.47final
1966Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.29−0.55 to −0.03final
1966Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.80−1.46 to −0.24final
1966Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.00final
1966Land use−0.17−0.26 to −0.06final
1966Black carbon on snow and ice0.050.00 to 0.11final
1966Natural (solar and volcanic)0.160.09 to 0.23final
1966Solar−0.01−0.06 to 0.05final
1966Volcanic0.170.13 to 0.21final
1966Total (human-caused and natural)0.50−0.24 to 1.17final
1967Total human-caused0.34−0.39 to 1.03final
1967Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.281.16 to 1.40final
1967Carbon dioxide0.800.70 to 0.89final
1967Methane0.330.27 to 0.40final
1967Nitrous oxide0.090.08 to 0.10final
1967Halogenated gases0.060.05 to 0.07final
1967Ozone0.270.14 to 0.41final
1967Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.030.00 to 0.05final
1967Aerosols (total)−1.12−1.83 to −0.48final
1967Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.30−0.56 to −0.04final
1967Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.82−1.48 to −0.25final
1967Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.01final
1967Land use−0.17−0.27 to −0.06final
1967Black carbon on snow and ice0.050.00 to 0.11final
1967Natural (solar and volcanic)0.220.14 to 0.29final
1967Solar0.02−0.04 to 0.08final
1967Volcanic0.200.15 to 0.25final
1967Total (human-caused and natural)0.56−0.18 to 1.25final
1968Total human-caused0.36−0.41 to 1.05final
1968Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.311.19 to 1.43final
1968Carbon dioxide0.810.71 to 0.91final
1968Methane0.340.27 to 0.41final
1968Nitrous oxide0.090.08 to 0.10final
1968Halogenated gases0.070.05 to 0.08final
1968Ozone0.280.14 to 0.42final
1968Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.030.00 to 0.06final
1968Aerosols (total)−1.14−1.88 to −0.49final
1968Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.31−0.58 to −0.04final
1968Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.83−1.52 to −0.25final
1968Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.01final
1968Land use−0.17−0.27 to −0.06final
1968Black carbon on snow and ice0.050.00 to 0.11final
1968Natural (solar and volcanic)0.130.06 to 0.19final
1968Solar0.02−0.03 to 0.08final
1968Volcanic0.100.08 to 0.13final
1968Total (human-caused and natural)0.49−0.28 to 1.19final
1969Total human-caused0.38−0.42 to 1.09final
1969Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.341.22 to 1.47final
1969Carbon dioxide0.830.73 to 0.93final
1969Methane0.350.28 to 0.42final
1969Nitrous oxide0.090.08 to 0.10final
1969Halogenated gases0.070.06 to 0.09final
1969Ozone0.290.14 to 0.43final
1969Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.030.00 to 0.06final
1969Aerosols (total)−1.16−1.93 to −0.50final
1969Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.32−0.60 to −0.04final
1969Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.84−1.55 to −0.25final
1969Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.01final
1969Land use−0.17−0.27 to −0.06final
1969Black carbon on snow and ice0.050.00 to 0.11final
1969Natural (solar and volcanic)0.060.00 to 0.12final
1969Solar0.03−0.03 to 0.09final
1969Volcanic0.020.02 to 0.03final
1969Total (human-caused and natural)0.44−0.36 to 1.15final
1970Total human-caused0.37−0.46 to 1.12final
1970Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.391.26 to 1.52final
1970Carbon dioxide0.850.75 to 0.96final
1970Methane0.360.29 to 0.43final
1970Nitrous oxide0.090.08 to 0.10final
1970Halogenated gases0.080.06 to 0.10final
1970Ozone0.300.15 to 0.45final
1970Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.030.00 to 0.06final
1970Aerosols (total)−1.23−2.03 to −0.53final
1970Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.35−0.65 to −0.05final
1970Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.88−1.63 to −0.26final
1970Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.000.00 to 0.01final
1970Land use−0.17−0.28 to −0.06final
1970Black carbon on snow and ice0.050.00 to 0.12final
1970Natural (solar and volcanic)0.200.12 to 0.27final
1970Solar0.03−0.03 to 0.09final
1970Volcanic0.160.12 to 0.20final
1970Total (human-caused and natural)0.57−0.27 to 1.32final
1971Total human-caused0.41−0.43 to 1.16final
1971Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.421.29 to 1.55final
1971Carbon dioxide0.860.76 to 0.97final
1971Methane0.370.30 to 0.44final
1971Nitrous oxide0.090.08 to 0.11final
1971Halogenated gases0.090.07 to 0.11final
1971Ozone0.310.15 to 0.46final
1971Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.030.00 to 0.06final
1971Aerosols (total)−1.24−2.04 to −0.54final
1971Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.35−0.65 to −0.04final
1971Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.89−1.64 to −0.26final
1971Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.01final
1971Land use−0.18−0.28 to −0.06final
1971Black carbon on snow and ice0.050.00 to 0.12final
1971Natural (solar and volcanic)0.210.13 to 0.28final
1971Solar0.00−0.06 to 0.05final
1971Volcanic0.210.16 to 0.26final
1971Total (human-caused and natural)0.61−0.23 to 1.36final
1972Total human-caused0.41−0.44 to 1.20final
1972Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.471.34 to 1.61final
1972Carbon dioxide0.900.79 to 1.00final
1972Methane0.380.30 to 0.45final
1972Nitrous oxide0.090.08 to 0.11final
1972Halogenated gases0.100.08 to 0.13final
1972Ozone0.320.16 to 0.48final
1972Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.030.00 to 0.06final
1972Aerosols (total)−1.30−2.12 to −0.57final
1972Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.36−0.67 to −0.05final
1972Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.95−1.70 to −0.28final
1972Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.01final
1972Land use−0.18−0.28 to −0.06final
1972Black carbon on snow and ice0.060.00 to 0.13final
1972Natural (solar and volcanic)0.230.15 to 0.31final
1972Solar0.01−0.05 to 0.06final
1972Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.28final
1972Total (human-caused and natural)0.64−0.21 to 1.43final
1973Total human-caused0.47−0.42 to 1.26final
1973Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.531.39 to 1.67final
1973Carbon dioxide0.940.83 to 1.05final
1973Methane0.380.31 to 0.46final
1973Nitrous oxide0.100.08 to 0.11final
1973Halogenated gases0.120.09 to 0.14final
1973Ozone0.320.16 to 0.48final
1973Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.030.00 to 0.06final
1973Aerosols (total)−1.31−2.16 to −0.57final
1973Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.37−0.69 to −0.05final
1973Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.94−1.73 to −0.28final
1973Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.01final
1973Land use−0.18−0.28 to −0.06final
1973Black carbon on snow and ice0.060.00 to 0.13final
1973Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.11 to 0.27final
1973Solar−0.02−0.08 to 0.04final
1973Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.27final
1973Total (human-caused and natural)0.66−0.23 to 1.46final
1974Total human-caused0.51−0.36 to 1.30final
1974Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.571.43 to 1.71final
1974Carbon dioxide0.950.84 to 1.07final
1974Methane0.390.31 to 0.47final
1974Nitrous oxide0.100.08 to 0.11final
1974Halogenated gases0.130.10 to 0.16final
1974Ozone0.320.16 to 0.49final
1974Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.030.00 to 0.07final
1974Aerosols (total)−1.30−2.14 to −0.56final
1974Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.36−0.68 to −0.04final
1974Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.94−1.72 to −0.28final
1974Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.01final
1974Land use−0.18−0.28 to −0.06final
1974Black carbon on snow and ice0.060.00 to 0.13final
1974Natural (solar and volcanic)0.180.10 to 0.26final
1974Solar−0.03−0.09 to 0.03final
1974Volcanic0.210.16 to 0.27final
1974Total (human-caused and natural)0.69−0.18 to 1.49final
1975Total human-caused0.55−0.31 to 1.34final
1975Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.591.45 to 1.73final
1975Carbon dioxide0.950.84 to 1.07final
1975Methane0.400.32 to 0.47final
1975Nitrous oxide0.100.09 to 0.11final
1975Halogenated gases0.140.11 to 0.17final
1975Ozone0.320.16 to 0.48final
1975Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.030.00 to 0.07final
1975Aerosols (total)−1.28−2.11 to −0.55final
1975Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.36−0.67 to −0.04final
1975Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.92−1.70 to −0.27final
1975Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.01final
1975Land use−0.18−0.28 to −0.06final
1975Black carbon on snow and ice0.060.00 to 0.13final
1975Natural (solar and volcanic)0.160.08 to 0.24final
1975Solar−0.04−0.10 to 0.02final
1975Volcanic0.200.15 to 0.25final
1975Total (human-caused and natural)0.72−0.15 to 1.50final
1976Total human-caused0.54−0.36 to 1.36final
1976Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.631.48 to 1.77final
1976Carbon dioxide0.970.85 to 1.08final
1976Methane0.400.32 to 0.48final
1976Nitrous oxide0.100.09 to 0.12final
1976Halogenated gases0.150.12 to 0.19final
1976Ozone0.330.17 to 0.50final
1976Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.030.00 to 0.07final
1976Aerosols (total)−1.35−2.21 to −0.58final
1976Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.37−0.71 to −0.04final
1976Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.97−1.77 to −0.29final
1976Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.01final
1976Land use−0.18−0.28 to −0.06final
1976Black carbon on snow and ice0.060.00 to 0.14final
1976Natural (solar and volcanic)0.160.08 to 0.24final
1976Solar−0.04−0.11 to 0.02final
1976Volcanic0.200.15 to 0.26final
1976Total (human-caused and natural)0.70−0.20 to 1.52final
1977Total human-caused0.59−0.31 to 1.42final
1977Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.681.53 to 1.83final
1977Carbon dioxide1.000.88 to 1.12final
1977Methane0.410.33 to 0.49final
1977Nitrous oxide0.100.09 to 0.12final
1977Halogenated gases0.170.13 to 0.21final
1977Ozone0.340.17 to 0.51final
1977Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.07final
1977Aerosols (total)−1.36−2.22 to −0.59final
1977Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.37−0.71 to −0.04final
1977Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.98−1.78 to −0.29final
1977Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.01final
1977Land use−0.18−0.29 to −0.06final
1977Black carbon on snow and ice0.070.00 to 0.15final
1977Natural (solar and volcanic)0.200.12 to 0.28final
1977Solar−0.02−0.08 to 0.04final
1977Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.27final
1977Total (human-caused and natural)0.78−0.11 to 1.62final
1978Total human-caused0.63−0.27 to 1.47final
1978Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.731.57 to 1.88final
1978Carbon dioxide1.020.90 to 1.15final
1978Methane0.420.33 to 0.50final
1978Nitrous oxide0.100.09 to 0.12final
1978Halogenated gases0.180.14 to 0.22final
1978Ozone0.350.17 to 0.52final
1978Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.07final
1978Aerosols (total)−1.38−2.24 to −0.59final
1978Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.37−0.71 to −0.03final
1978Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.00−1.80 to −0.30final
1978Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.01final
1978Land use−0.18−0.29 to −0.06final
1978Black carbon on snow and ice0.070.00 to 0.16final
1978Natural (solar and volcanic)0.250.17 to 0.33final
1978Solar0.03−0.03 to 0.09final
1978Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.28final
1978Total (human-caused and natural)0.88−0.02 to 1.72final
1979Total human-caused0.66−0.25 to 1.52final
1979Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.781.62 to 1.94final
1979Carbon dioxide1.050.93 to 1.18final
1979Methane0.430.34 to 0.51final
1979Nitrous oxide0.110.09 to 0.12final
1979Halogenated gases0.190.15 to 0.24final
1979Ozone0.350.18 to 0.53final
1979Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.07final
1979Aerosols (total)−1.40−2.27 to −0.60final
1979Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.38−0.73 to −0.03final
1979Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.02−1.82 to −0.31final
1979Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.02final
1979Land use−0.18−0.29 to −0.06final
1979Black carbon on snow and ice0.070.00 to 0.16final
1979Natural (solar and volcanic)0.270.18 to 0.36final
1979Solar0.070.00 to 0.14final
1979Volcanic0.200.15 to 0.24final
1979Total (human-caused and natural)0.930.02 to 1.79final
1980Total human-caused0.72−0.19 to 1.58final
1980Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.831.67 to 2.00final
1980Carbon dioxide1.090.96 to 1.22final
1980Methane0.430.35 to 0.52final
1980Nitrous oxide0.110.09 to 0.12final
1980Halogenated gases0.200.16 to 0.25final
1980Ozone0.350.18 to 0.53final
1980Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.08final
1980Aerosols (total)−1.39−2.27 to −0.60final
1980Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.38−0.73 to −0.04final
1980Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.01−1.82 to −0.30final
1980Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.02final
1980Land use−0.18−0.29 to −0.06final
1980Black carbon on snow and ice0.070.00 to 0.16final
1980Natural (solar and volcanic)0.230.15 to 0.31final
1980Solar0.080.01 to 0.15final
1980Volcanic0.150.11 to 0.19final
1980Total (human-caused and natural)0.950.04 to 1.81final
1981Total human-caused0.80−0.09 to 1.63final
1981Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.871.71 to 2.04final
1981Carbon dioxide1.110.97 to 1.24final
1981Methane0.440.35 to 0.53final
1981Nitrous oxide0.110.10 to 0.13final
1981Halogenated gases0.220.17 to 0.27final
1981Ozone0.350.18 to 0.53final
1981Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.08final
1981Aerosols (total)−1.35−2.21 to −0.58final
1981Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.37−0.70 to −0.04final
1981Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.98−1.77 to −0.29final
1981Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.02final
1981Land use−0.19−0.29 to −0.06final
1981Black carbon on snow and ice0.070.00 to 0.15final
1981Natural (solar and volcanic)0.200.12 to 0.28final
1981Solar0.080.01 to 0.16final
1981Volcanic0.120.09 to 0.15final
1981Total (human-caused and natural)1.000.11 to 1.84final
1982Total human-caused0.81−0.07 to 1.67final
1982Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.911.74 to 2.08final
1982Carbon dioxide1.120.98 to 1.25final
1982Methane0.450.36 to 0.54final
1982Nitrous oxide0.120.10 to 0.13final
1982Halogenated gases0.230.17 to 0.28final
1982Ozone0.360.18 to 0.54final
1982Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.08final
1982Aerosols (total)−1.39−2.23 to −0.60final
1982Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.37−0.70 to −0.04final
1982Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.02−1.79 to −0.31final
1982Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.02final
1982Land use−0.19−0.29 to −0.06final
1982Black carbon on snow and ice0.070.00 to 0.16final
1982Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.17−0.25 to −0.09final
1982Solar0.03−0.03 to 0.09final
1982Volcanic−0.20−0.25 to −0.15final
1982Total (human-caused and natural)0.64−0.24 to 1.50final
1983Total human-caused0.920.06 to 1.74final
1983Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)1.951.78 to 2.13final
1983Carbon dioxide1.151.01 to 1.28final
1983Methane0.450.36 to 0.54final
1983Nitrous oxide0.120.10 to 0.13final
1983Halogenated gases0.240.18 to 0.29final
1983Ozone0.350.17 to 0.52final
1983Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.08final
1983Aerosols (total)−1.31−2.13 to −0.56final
1983Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.35−0.67 to −0.03final
1983Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.96−1.71 to −0.29final
1983Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.02final
1983Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1983Black carbon on snow and ice0.070.00 to 0.15final
1983Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.62−0.79 to −0.44final
1983Solar0.03−0.03 to 0.09final
1983Volcanic−0.65−0.81 to −0.48final
1983Total (human-caused and natural)0.30−0.58 to 1.14final
1984Total human-caused0.950.08 to 1.78final
1984Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.001.82 to 2.18final
1984Carbon dioxide1.171.03 to 1.31final
1984Methane0.460.37 to 0.55final
1984Nitrous oxide0.120.10 to 0.14final
1984Halogenated gases0.250.19 to 0.31final
1984Ozone0.360.18 to 0.53final
1984Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.08final
1984Aerosols (total)−1.34−2.17 to −0.57final
1984Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.36−0.68 to −0.03final
1984Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.98−1.74 to −0.29final
1984Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.02final
1984Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1984Black carbon on snow and ice0.070.00 to 0.16final
1984Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.27−0.35 to −0.18final
1984Solar−0.02−0.09 to 0.04final
1984Volcanic−0.24−0.30 to −0.18final
1984Total (human-caused and natural)0.68−0.19 to 1.52final
1985Total human-caused0.990.11 to 1.83final
1985Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.041.86 to 2.22final
1985Carbon dioxide1.191.05 to 1.34final
1985Methane0.460.37 to 0.56final
1985Nitrous oxide0.120.10 to 0.14final
1985Halogenated gases0.260.20 to 0.32final
1985Ozone0.360.18 to 0.54final
1985Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.08final
1985Aerosols (total)−1.35−2.18 to −0.58final
1985Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.36−0.69 to −0.03final
1985Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.99−1.75 to −0.30final
1985Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.02final
1985Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1985Black carbon on snow and ice0.070.00 to 0.16final
1985Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.02−0.08 to 0.05final
1985Solar−0.04−0.11 to 0.02final
1985Volcanic0.030.02 to 0.03final
1985Total (human-caused and natural)0.970.09 to 1.81final
1986Total human-caused1.040.17 to 1.88final
1986Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.091.90 to 2.27final
1986Carbon dioxide1.221.07 to 1.36final
1986Methane0.470.37 to 0.56final
1986Nitrous oxide0.120.11 to 0.14final
1986Halogenated gases0.280.21 to 0.34final
1986Ozone0.370.18 to 0.55final
1986Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.08final
1986Aerosols (total)−1.35−2.18 to −0.58final
1986Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.36−0.68 to −0.03final
1986Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.00−1.75 to −0.30final
1986Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.02final
1986Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1986Black carbon on snow and ice0.070.00 to 0.17final
1986Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.02−0.09 to 0.05final
1986Solar−0.04−0.11 to 0.02final
1986Volcanic0.020.02 to 0.03final
1986Total (human-caused and natural)1.020.14 to 1.87final
1987Total human-caused1.050.17 to 1.92final
1987Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.131.94 to 2.32final
1987Carbon dioxide1.241.10 to 1.39final
1987Methane0.470.38 to 0.57final
1987Nitrous oxide0.120.11 to 0.14final
1987Halogenated gases0.290.22 to 0.36final
1987Ozone0.370.19 to 0.56final
1987Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.08final
1987Aerosols (total)−1.39−2.23 to −0.60final
1987Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.37−0.70 to −0.03final
1987Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.03−1.79 to −0.31final
1987Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.02final
1987Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.07final
1987Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.17final
1987Natural (solar and volcanic)0.070.01 to 0.14final
1987Solar−0.03−0.09 to 0.04final
1987Volcanic0.100.07 to 0.12final
1987Total (human-caused and natural)1.130.24 to 2.00final
1988Total human-caused1.120.23 to 2.00final
1988Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.202.00 to 2.39final
1988Carbon dioxide1.281.13 to 1.44final
1988Methane0.480.38 to 0.57final
1988Nitrous oxide0.130.11 to 0.15final
1988Halogenated gases0.310.24 to 0.38final
1988Ozone0.380.19 to 0.57final
1988Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.08final
1988Aerosols (total)−1.40−2.25 to −0.60final
1988Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.36−0.70 to −0.02final
1988Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.04−1.81 to −0.31final
1988Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.010.00 to 0.02final
1988Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.07final
1988Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.18final
1988Natural (solar and volcanic)0.160.09 to 0.24final
1988Solar0.01−0.05 to 0.08final
1988Volcanic0.150.11 to 0.19final
1988Total (human-caused and natural)1.280.39 to 2.16final
1989Total human-caused1.190.29 to 2.06final
1989Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.252.04 to 2.44final
1989Carbon dioxide1.311.15 to 1.47final
1989Methane0.480.39 to 0.58final
1989Nitrous oxide0.130.11 to 0.15final
1989Halogenated gases0.320.25 to 0.39final
1989Ozone0.380.19 to 0.57final
1989Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.09final
1989Aerosols (total)−1.38−2.23 to −0.59final
1989Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.36−0.70 to −0.02final
1989Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.02−1.79 to −0.31final
1989Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.020.01 to 0.03final
1989Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1989Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.18final
1989Natural (solar and volcanic)0.270.18 to 0.35final
1989Solar0.080.00 to 0.15final
1989Volcanic0.190.14 to 0.24final
1989Total (human-caused and natural)1.450.56 to 2.33final
1990Total human-caused1.220.32 to 2.10final
1990Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.282.08 to 2.49final
1990Carbon dioxide1.331.17 to 1.49final
1990Methane0.490.39 to 0.58final
1990Nitrous oxide0.130.12 to 0.15final
1990Halogenated gases0.330.26 to 0.41final
1990Ozone0.390.19 to 0.58final
1990Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.09final
1990Aerosols (total)−1.40−2.24 to −0.60final
1990Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.36−0.70 to −0.02final
1990Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.04−1.81 to −0.31final
1990Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.020.01 to 0.03final
1990Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1990Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.18final
1990Natural (solar and volcanic)0.250.17 to 0.34final
1990Solar0.070.00 to 0.14final
1990Volcanic0.180.14 to 0.23final
1990Total (human-caused and natural)1.470.57 to 2.35final
1991Total human-caused1.200.26 to 2.13final
1991Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.322.11 to 2.53final
1991Carbon dioxide1.351.19 to 1.51final
1991Methane0.490.39 to 0.59final
1991Nitrous oxide0.140.12 to 0.16final
1991Halogenated gases0.340.26 to 0.42final
1991Ozone0.410.21 to 0.62final
1991Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.09final
1991Aerosols (total)−1.49−2.38 to −0.64final
1991Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.37−0.72 to −0.03final
1991Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.12−1.93 to −0.33final
1991Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.020.01 to 0.03final
1991Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1991Black carbon on snow and ice0.090.00 to 0.20final
1991Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.48−0.62 to −0.33final
1991Solar0.05−0.02 to 0.12final
1991Volcanic−0.53−0.66 to −0.40final
1991Total (human-caused and natural)0.72−0.22 to 1.67final
1992Total human-caused1.350.49 to 2.20final
1992Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.352.14 to 2.55final
1992Carbon dioxide1.361.20 to 1.53final
1992Methane0.490.40 to 0.59final
1992Nitrous oxide0.140.12 to 0.16final
1992Halogenated gases0.350.27 to 0.43final
1992Ozone0.390.19 to 0.58final
1992Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.09final
1992Aerosols (total)−1.33−2.14 to −0.56final
1992Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.34−0.66 to −0.01final
1992Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.99−1.73 to −0.30final
1992Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.020.01 to 0.03final
1992Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1992Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.18final
1992Natural (solar and volcanic)−1.70−2.15 to −1.26final
1992Solar0.04−0.03 to 0.10final
1992Volcanic−1.74−2.18 to −1.30final
1992Total (human-caused and natural)−0.36−1.32 to 0.60final
1993Total human-caused1.370.52 to 2.23final
1993Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.362.15 to 2.57final
1993Carbon dioxide1.371.21 to 1.54final
1993Methane0.500.40 to 0.59final
1993Nitrous oxide0.140.12 to 0.16final
1993Halogenated gases0.360.28 to 0.43final
1993Ozone0.390.20 to 0.59final
1993Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.09final
1993Aerosols (total)−1.34−2.14 to −0.57final
1993Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.33−0.65 to −0.01final
1993Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.01−1.74 to −0.30final
1993Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.020.01 to 0.03final
1993Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1993Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.18final
1993Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.75−0.94 to −0.55final
1993Solar0.00−0.06 to 0.07final
1993Volcanic−0.75−0.94 to −0.56final
1993Total (human-caused and natural)0.62−0.25 to 1.50final
1994Total human-caused1.370.49 to 2.26final
1994Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.402.18 to 2.61final
1994Carbon dioxide1.401.23 to 1.56final
1994Methane0.500.40 to 0.60final
1994Nitrous oxide0.140.12 to 0.16final
1994Halogenated gases0.360.28 to 0.44final
1994Ozone0.410.21 to 0.62final
1994Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.09final
1994Aerosols (total)−1.40−2.23 to −0.59final
1994Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.34−0.66 to −0.01final
1994Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.06−1.82 to −0.32final
1994Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.020.01 to 0.03final
1994Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1994Black carbon on snow and ice0.090.00 to 0.20final
1994Natural (solar and volcanic)−0.07−0.13 to 0.00final
1994Solar−0.03−0.09 to 0.04final
1994Volcanic−0.04−0.05 to −0.03final
1994Total (human-caused and natural)1.300.42 to 2.20final
1995Total human-caused1.470.63 to 2.33final
1995Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.432.21 to 2.65final
1995Carbon dioxide1.431.25 to 1.60final
1995Methane0.500.40 to 0.60final
1995Nitrous oxide0.140.12 to 0.16final
1995Halogenated gases0.360.28 to 0.44final
1995Ozone0.400.20 to 0.61final
1995Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.09final
1995Aerosols (total)−1.33−2.12 to −0.55final
1995Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.31−0.62 to 0.01final
1995Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.02−1.74 to −0.31final
1995Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.020.01 to 0.04final
1995Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1995Black carbon on snow and ice0.090.00 to 0.20final
1995Natural (solar and volcanic)0.100.02 to 0.17final
1995Solar−0.04−0.10 to 0.03final
1995Volcanic0.130.10 to 0.17final
1995Total (human-caused and natural)1.570.72 to 2.43final
1996Total human-caused1.540.72 to 2.38final
1996Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.472.25 to 2.68final
1996Carbon dioxide1.451.28 to 1.63final
1996Methane0.500.40 to 0.60final
1996Nitrous oxide0.150.13 to 0.17final
1996Halogenated gases0.370.28 to 0.45final
1996Ozone0.400.20 to 0.61final
1996Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.040.00 to 0.09final
1996Aerosols (total)−1.29−2.06 to −0.53final
1996Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.30−0.61 to 0.00final
1996Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.99−1.69 to −0.30final
1996Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.020.01 to 0.04final
1996Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1996Black carbon on snow and ice0.090.00 to 0.19final
1996Natural (solar and volcanic)0.150.07 to 0.23final
1996Solar−0.05−0.11 to 0.02final
1996Volcanic0.200.15 to 0.24final
1996Total (human-caused and natural)1.690.86 to 2.54final
1997Total human-caused1.480.53 to 2.39final
1997Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.492.27 to 2.71final
1997Carbon dioxide1.471.29 to 1.65final
1997Methane0.500.40 to 0.60final
1997Nitrous oxide0.150.13 to 0.17final
1997Halogenated gases0.370.29 to 0.45final
1997Ozone0.440.22 to 0.66final
1997Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
1997Aerosols (total)−1.43−2.32 to −0.60final
1997Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.33−0.65 to −0.01final
1997Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.09−1.92 to −0.33final
1997Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.020.01 to 0.04final
1997Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1997Black carbon on snow and ice0.090.00 to 0.21final
1997Natural (solar and volcanic)0.190.10 to 0.27final
1997Solar−0.03−0.10 to 0.04final
1997Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.27final
1997Total (human-caused and natural)1.660.71 to 2.58final
1998Total human-caused1.540.61 to 2.45final
1998Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.542.31 to 2.76final
1998Carbon dioxide1.511.33 to 1.69final
1998Methane0.510.40 to 0.61final
1998Nitrous oxide0.150.13 to 0.17final
1998Halogenated gases0.370.29 to 0.45final
1998Ozone0.440.22 to 0.65final
1998Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
1998Aerosols (total)−1.41−2.28 to −0.58final
1998Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.32−0.64 to −0.01final
1998Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.08−1.90 to −0.32final
1998Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.020.01 to 0.04final
1998Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1998Black carbon on snow and ice0.090.00 to 0.21final
1998Natural (solar and volcanic)0.230.15 to 0.32final
1998Solar0.01−0.05 to 0.08final
1998Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.27final
1998Total (human-caused and natural)1.770.83 to 2.69final
1999Total human-caused1.690.88 to 2.52final
1999Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.582.35 to 2.81final
1999Carbon dioxide1.541.36 to 1.73final
1999Methane0.510.41 to 0.61final
1999Nitrous oxide0.150.13 to 0.18final
1999Halogenated gases0.370.29 to 0.46final
1999Ozone0.420.21 to 0.63final
1999Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
1999Aerosols (total)−1.27−2.02 to −0.53final
1999Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.29−0.58 to 0.00final
1999Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.97−1.66 to −0.29final
1999Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.030.01 to 0.05final
1999Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
1999Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.19final
1999Natural (solar and volcanic)0.270.18 to 0.36final
1999Solar0.05−0.02 to 0.12final
1999Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
1999Total (human-caused and natural)1.961.15 to 2.80final
2000Total human-caused1.760.97 to 2.56final
2000Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.602.37 to 2.83final
2000Carbon dioxide1.561.37 to 1.75final
2000Methane0.510.41 to 0.61final
2000Nitrous oxide0.160.14 to 0.18final
2000Halogenated gases0.370.29 to 0.46final
2000Ozone0.420.21 to 0.63final
2000Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
2000Aerosols (total)−1.22−1.94 to −0.51final
2000Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.29−0.57 to −0.01final
2000Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.93−1.60 to −0.28final
2000Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.030.01 to 0.05final
2000Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
2000Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.17final
2000Natural (solar and volcanic)0.310.21 to 0.40final
2000Solar0.080.01 to 0.16final
2000Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
2000Total (human-caused and natural)2.061.27 to 2.87final
2001Total human-caused1.790.99 to 2.60final
2001Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.632.40 to 2.86final
2001Carbon dioxide1.591.40 to 1.78final
2001Methane0.510.41 to 0.61final
2001Nitrous oxide0.160.14 to 0.18final
2001Halogenated gases0.380.29 to 0.46final
2001Ozone0.420.21 to 0.63final
2001Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
2001Aerosols (total)−1.22−1.95 to −0.51final
2001Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.29−0.58 to 0.00final
2001Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.93−1.60 to −0.28final
2001Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.030.01 to 0.05final
2001Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
2001Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.17final
2001Natural (solar and volcanic)0.280.19 to 0.37final
2001Solar0.06−0.01 to 0.13final
2001Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.27final
2001Total (human-caused and natural)2.071.27 to 2.88final
2002Total human-caused1.760.92 to 2.61final
2002Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.672.43 to 2.90final
2002Carbon dioxide1.621.42 to 1.81final
2002Methane0.510.41 to 0.61final
2002Nitrous oxide0.160.14 to 0.18final
2002Halogenated gases0.380.29 to 0.46final
2002Ozone0.430.22 to 0.65final
2002Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
2002Aerosols (total)−1.30−2.08 to −0.55final
2002Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.30−0.60 to −0.01final
2002Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.00−1.72 to −0.30final
2002Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.030.01 to 0.05final
2002Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
2002Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.19final
2002Natural (solar and volcanic)0.300.20 to 0.39final
2002Solar0.080.00 to 0.15final
2002Volcanic0.220.17 to 0.28final
2002Total (human-caused and natural)2.061.22 to 2.92final
2003Total human-caused1.770.91 to 2.64final
2003Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.712.47 to 2.95final
2003Carbon dioxide1.651.46 to 1.85final
2003Methane0.510.41 to 0.61final
2003Nitrous oxide0.160.14 to 0.19final
2003Halogenated gases0.380.30 to 0.46final
2003Ozone0.440.22 to 0.65final
2003Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
2003Aerosols (total)−1.34−2.14 to −0.57final
2003Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.32−0.62 to −0.02final
2003Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.02−1.76 to −0.31final
2003Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.030.01 to 0.05final
2003Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
2003Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.19final
2003Natural (solar and volcanic)0.220.13 to 0.30final
2003Solar0.01−0.05 to 0.08final
2003Volcanic0.210.15 to 0.26final
2003Total (human-caused and natural)1.991.13 to 2.87final
2004Total human-caused1.810.95 to 2.69final
2004Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.742.50 to 2.98final
2004Carbon dioxide1.681.48 to 1.88final
2004Methane0.510.41 to 0.61final
2004Nitrous oxide0.170.14 to 0.19final
2004Halogenated gases0.380.30 to 0.46final
2004Ozone0.440.22 to 0.67final
2004Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
2004Aerosols (total)−1.35−2.14 to −0.56final
2004Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.32−0.63 to 0.00final
2004Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.03−1.75 to −0.31final
2004Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.030.01 to 0.06final
2004Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
2004Black carbon on snow and ice0.090.00 to 0.20final
2004Natural (solar and volcanic)0.200.12 to 0.29final
2004Solar−0.02−0.08 to 0.05final
2004Volcanic0.220.16 to 0.27final
2004Total (human-caused and natural)2.011.15 to 2.90final
2005Total human-caused1.810.92 to 2.71final
2005Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.772.53 to 3.02final
2005Carbon dioxide1.711.51 to 1.92final
2005Methane0.510.41 to 0.61final
2005Nitrous oxide0.170.15 to 0.19final
2005Halogenated gases0.380.30 to 0.47final
2005Ozone0.450.23 to 0.68final
2005Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
2005Aerosols (total)−1.39−2.21 to −0.58final
2005Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.33−0.66 to 0.00final
2005Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.06−1.81 to −0.32final
2005Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.040.01 to 0.06final
2005Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
2005Black carbon on snow and ice0.090.00 to 0.20final
2005Natural (solar and volcanic)0.150.06 to 0.23final
2005Solar−0.04−0.11 to 0.03final
2005Volcanic0.190.14 to 0.24final
2005Total (human-caused and natural)1.961.06 to 2.86final
2006Total human-caused1.830.93 to 2.75final
2006Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.812.56 to 3.06final
2006Carbon dioxide1.741.53 to 1.95final
2006Methane0.510.41 to 0.61final
2006Nitrous oxide0.170.15 to 0.20final
2006Halogenated gases0.380.30 to 0.47final
2006Ozone0.460.23 to 0.68final
2006Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
2006Aerosols (total)−1.41−2.25 to −0.60final
2006Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.34−0.67 to −0.01final
2006Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.07−1.83 to −0.32final
2006Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.040.01 to 0.06final
2006Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
2006Black carbon on snow and ice0.090.00 to 0.20final
2006Natural (solar and volcanic)0.120.04 to 0.20final
2006Solar−0.05−0.12 to 0.02final
2006Volcanic0.170.13 to 0.21final
2006Total (human-caused and natural)1.951.05 to 2.87final
2007Total human-caused1.901.01 to 2.81final
2007Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.842.59 to 3.09final
2007Carbon dioxide1.771.56 to 1.98final
2007Methane0.510.41 to 0.61final
2007Nitrous oxide0.170.15 to 0.20final
2007Halogenated gases0.390.30 to 0.47final
2007Ozone0.460.23 to 0.69final
2007Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
2007Aerosols (total)−1.39−2.21 to −0.58final
2007Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.33−0.66 to 0.00final
2007Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.06−1.81 to −0.32final
2007Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.040.01 to 0.07final
2007Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
2007Black carbon on snow and ice0.090.00 to 0.21final
2007Natural (solar and volcanic)0.100.02 to 0.18final
2007Solar−0.05−0.13 to 0.02final
2007Volcanic0.150.12 to 0.19final
2007Total (human-caused and natural)2.001.11 to 2.91final
2008Total human-caused1.991.13 to 2.87final
2008Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.882.63 to 3.14final
2008Carbon dioxide1.801.58 to 2.02final
2008Methane0.510.41 to 0.62final
2008Nitrous oxide0.180.15 to 0.20final
2008Halogenated gases0.390.31 to 0.47final
2008Ozone0.460.23 to 0.69final
2008Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
2008Aerosols (total)−1.33−2.12 to −0.55final
2008Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.32−0.63 to 0.00final
2008Aerosol–cloud interactions−1.02−1.74 to −0.31final
2008Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.040.01 to 0.07final
2008Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
2008Black carbon on snow and ice0.090.00 to 0.20final
2008Natural (solar and volcanic)0.120.04 to 0.20final
2008Solar−0.05−0.12 to 0.02final
2008Volcanic0.170.13 to 0.21final
2008Total (human-caused and natural)2.111.24 to 3.00final
2009Total human-caused2.081.26 to 2.93final
2009Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.912.65 to 3.16final
2009Carbon dioxide1.821.60 to 2.04final
2009Methane0.520.41 to 0.62final
2009Nitrous oxide0.180.15 to 0.20final
2009Halogenated gases0.390.31 to 0.47final
2009Ozone0.450.22 to 0.67final
2009Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
2009Aerosols (total)−1.25−2.00 to −0.52final
2009Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.29−0.58 to 0.01final
2009Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.97−1.65 to −0.29final
2009Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.040.01 to 0.07final
2009Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
2009Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.19final
2009Natural (solar and volcanic)0.090.01 to 0.17final
2009Solar−0.05−0.12 to 0.02final
2009Volcanic0.140.11 to 0.18final
2009Total (human-caused and natural)2.181.35 to 3.02final
2010Total human-caused2.131.28 to 2.99final
2010Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.952.69 to 3.21final
2010Carbon dioxide1.861.63 to 2.08final
2010Methane0.520.41 to 0.62final
2010Nitrous oxide0.180.16 to 0.21final
2010Halogenated gases0.390.31 to 0.47final
2010Ozone0.460.23 to 0.69final
2010Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
2010Aerosols (total)−1.27−2.04 to −0.52final
2010Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.28−0.57 to 0.02final
2010Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.99−1.70 to −0.30final
2010Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.040.01 to 0.07final
2010Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
2010Black carbon on snow and ice0.090.00 to 0.20final
2010Natural (solar and volcanic)0.140.06 to 0.23final
2010Solar−0.03−0.10 to 0.04final
2010Volcanic0.180.13 to 0.22final
2010Total (human-caused and natural)2.271.43 to 3.14final
2011Total human-caused2.181.35 to 3.02final
2011Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)2.982.72 to 3.24final
2011Carbon dioxide1.881.66 to 2.11final
2011Methane0.520.42 to 0.62final
2011Nitrous oxide0.180.16 to 0.21final
2011Halogenated gases0.390.31 to 0.48final
2011Ozone0.460.23 to 0.69final
2011Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
2011Aerosols (total)−1.26−2.01 to −0.52final
2011Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.29−0.58 to 0.01final
2011Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.97−1.66 to −0.29final
2011Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.040.01 to 0.08final
2011Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.06final
2011Black carbon on snow and ice0.090.00 to 0.19final
2011Natural (solar and volcanic)0.140.06 to 0.21final
2011Solar0.00−0.07 to 0.07final
2011Volcanic0.140.10 to 0.17final
2011Total (human-caused and natural)2.311.48 to 3.16final
2012Total human-caused2.201.35 to 3.06final
2012Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)3.022.75 to 3.28final
2012Carbon dioxide1.911.68 to 2.14final
2012Methane0.520.42 to 0.63final
2012Nitrous oxide0.190.16 to 0.21final
2012Halogenated gases0.400.31 to 0.48final
2012Ozone0.470.23 to 0.70final
2012Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.09final
2012Aerosols (total)−1.28−2.05 to −0.53final
2012Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.29−0.58 to 0.00final
2012Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.99−1.70 to −0.30final
2012Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.040.02 to 0.08final
2012Land use−0.19−0.29 to −0.05final
2012Black carbon on snow and ice0.090.00 to 0.20final
2012Natural (solar and volcanic)0.200.12 to 0.28final
2012Solar0.02−0.05 to 0.09final
2012Volcanic0.170.13 to 0.22final
2012Total (human-caused and natural)2.401.55 to 3.26final
2013Total human-caused2.311.51 to 3.14final
2013Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)3.062.79 to 3.33final
2013Carbon dioxide1.951.72 to 2.19final
2013Methane0.520.42 to 0.63final
2013Nitrous oxide0.190.16 to 0.22final
2013Halogenated gases0.400.32 to 0.48final
2013Ozone0.460.23 to 0.69final
2013Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.10final
2013Aerosols (total)−1.20−1.92 to −0.49final
2013Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.27−0.54 to 0.01final
2013Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.93−1.59 to −0.28final
2013Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.050.02 to 0.08final
2013Land use−0.19−0.29 to −0.05final
2013Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.19final
2013Natural (solar and volcanic)0.240.15 to 0.33final
2013Solar0.03−0.04 to 0.10final
2013Volcanic0.210.16 to 0.26final
2013Total (human-caused and natural)2.551.75 to 3.38final
2014Total human-caused2.351.54 to 3.18final
2014Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)3.102.83 to 3.37final
2014Carbon dioxide1.981.74 to 2.22final
2014Methane0.530.42 to 0.63final
2014Nitrous oxide0.190.17 to 0.22final
2014Halogenated gases0.400.32 to 0.48final
2014Ozone0.470.23 to 0.70final
2014Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.10final
2014Aerosols (total)−1.21−1.94 to −0.50final
2014Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.26−0.53 to 0.01final
2014Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.94−1.62 to −0.28final
2014Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.050.02 to 0.08final
2014Land use−0.19−0.29 to −0.05final
2014Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.19final
2014Natural (solar and volcanic)0.210.13 to 0.30final
2014Solar0.04−0.03 to 0.11final
2014Volcanic0.170.13 to 0.22final
2014Total (human-caused and natural)2.561.74 to 3.40final
2015Total human-caused2.421.58 to 3.25final
2015Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)3.142.86 to 3.42final
2015Carbon dioxide2.011.77 to 2.25final
2015Methane0.530.43 to 0.64final
2015Nitrous oxide0.200.17 to 0.22final
2015Halogenated gases0.400.32 to 0.48final
2015Ozone0.480.24 to 0.72final
2015Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.10final
2015Aerosols (total)−1.19−1.95 to −0.49final
2015Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.26−0.52 to 0.00final
2015Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.94−1.64 to −0.28final
2015Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.050.02 to 0.09final
2015Land use−0.19−0.29 to −0.05final
2015Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.19final
2015Natural (solar and volcanic)0.180.10 to 0.26final
2015Solar0.05−0.03 to 0.12final
2015Volcanic0.140.10 to 0.17final
2015Total (human-caused and natural)2.601.76 to 3.43final
2016Total human-caused2.561.79 to 3.33final
2016Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)3.202.91 to 3.48final
2016Carbon dioxide2.061.81 to 2.31final
2016Methane0.540.43 to 0.64final
2016Nitrous oxide0.200.17 to 0.23final
2016Halogenated gases0.400.32 to 0.48final
2016Ozone0.460.23 to 0.70final
2016Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.10final
2016Aerosols (total)−1.10−1.77 to −0.45final
2016Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.24−0.48 to 0.01final
2016Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.86−1.49 to −0.26final
2016Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.050.02 to 0.09final
2016Land use−0.19−0.29 to −0.05final
2016Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.18final
2016Natural (solar and volcanic)0.150.07 to 0.24final
2016Solar−0.02−0.09 to 0.05final
2016Volcanic0.170.13 to 0.21final
2016Total (human-caused and natural)2.711.94 to 3.49final
2017Total human-caused2.621.86 to 3.39final
2017Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)3.242.95 to 3.52final
2017Carbon dioxide2.091.84 to 2.34final
2017Methane0.540.43 to 0.64final
2017Nitrous oxide0.200.17 to 0.23final
2017Halogenated gases0.400.32 to 0.48final
2017Ozone0.470.23 to 0.70final
2017Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.10final
2017Aerosols (total)−1.07−1.74 to −0.44final
2017Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.23−0.46 to 0.01final
2017Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.85−1.47 to −0.25final
2017Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.060.02 to 0.10final
2017Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.05final
2017Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.18final
2017Natural (solar and volcanic)0.160.07 to 0.24final
2017Solar−0.04−0.11 to 0.03final
2017Volcanic0.200.15 to 0.24final
2017Total (human-caused and natural)2.782.01 to 3.55final
2018Total human-caused2.681.92 to 3.44final
2018Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)3.282.99 to 3.57final
2018Carbon dioxide2.121.87 to 2.38final
2018Methane0.540.43 to 0.65final
2018Nitrous oxide0.210.18 to 0.24final
2018Halogenated gases0.410.33 to 0.49final
2018Ozone0.470.23 to 0.70final
2018Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.10final
2018Aerosols (total)−1.06−1.71 to −0.43final
2018Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.22−0.45 to 0.01final
2018Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.83−1.45 to −0.25final
2018Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.060.02 to 0.10final
2018Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.05final
2018Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.17final
2018Natural (solar and volcanic)0.130.05 to 0.22final
2018Solar−0.04−0.12 to 0.03final
2018Volcanic0.180.13 to 0.22final
2018Total (human-caused and natural)2.822.05 to 3.58final
2019Total human-caused2.691.85 to 3.48final
2019Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)3.323.02 to 3.61final
2019Carbon dioxide2.161.90 to 2.42final
2019Methane0.540.43 to 0.65final
2019Nitrous oxide0.210.18 to 0.24final
2019Halogenated gases0.410.33 to 0.49final
2019Ozone0.480.24 to 0.72final
2019Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.10final
2019Aerosols (total)−1.11−1.86 to −0.45final
2019Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.24−0.47 to 0.00final
2019Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.88−1.58 to −0.26final
2019Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.060.02 to 0.11final
2019Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.05final
2019Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.18final
2019Natural (solar and volcanic)0.02−0.05 to 0.10final
2019Solar−0.04−0.12 to 0.03final
2019Volcanic0.070.05 to 0.08final
2019Total (human-caused and natural)2.711.87 to 3.51final
2020Total human-caused2.832.07 to 3.55final
2020Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)3.363.06 to 3.66final
2020Carbon dioxide2.191.93 to 2.45final
2020Methane0.550.44 to 0.66final
2020Nitrous oxide0.210.18 to 0.24final
2020Halogenated gases0.410.33 to 0.49final
2020Ozone0.460.23 to 0.69final
2020Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.10final
2020Aerosols (total)−0.96−1.61 to −0.38final
2020Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.19−0.39 to 0.02final
2020Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.77−1.39 to −0.23final
2020Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.030.01 to 0.05final
2020Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.05final
2020Black carbon on snow and ice0.070.00 to 0.17final
2020Natural (solar and volcanic)0.00−0.08 to 0.07final
2020Solar−0.03−0.11 to 0.04final
2020Volcanic0.030.02 to 0.04final
2020Total (human-caused and natural)2.832.06 to 3.55final
2021Total human-caused2.821.96 to 3.58final
2021Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)3.403.10 to 3.70final
2021Carbon dioxide2.221.96 to 2.49final
2021Methane0.550.44 to 0.67final
2021Nitrous oxide0.220.19 to 0.25final
2021Halogenated gases0.410.33 to 0.49final
2021Ozone0.480.24 to 0.71final
2021Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.10final
2021Aerosols (total)−1.04−1.80 to −0.42final
2021Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.21−0.43 to 0.00final
2021Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.83−1.56 to −0.24final
2021Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.040.01 to 0.06final
2021Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.05final
2021Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.17final
2021Natural (solar and volcanic)0.100.02 to 0.18final
2021Solar−0.01−0.08 to 0.06final
2021Volcanic0.110.08 to 0.14final
2021Total (human-caused and natural)2.922.06 to 3.68final
2022Total human-caused2.972.25 to 3.68final
2022Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)3.453.14 to 3.75final
2022Carbon dioxide2.251.98 to 2.52final
2022Methane0.560.45 to 0.67final
2022Nitrous oxide0.220.19 to 0.25final
2022Halogenated gases0.410.33 to 0.49final
2022Ozone0.470.24 to 0.71final
2022Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.10final
2022Aerosols (total)−0.93−1.53 to −0.37final
2022Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.19−0.39 to 0.01final
2022Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.74−1.30 to −0.22final
2022Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.050.02 to 0.08final
2022Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.05final
2022Black carbon on snow and ice0.070.00 to 0.16final
2022Natural (solar and volcanic)0.01−0.06 to 0.09final
2022Solar0.05−0.03 to 0.12final
2022Volcanic−0.04−0.04 to −0.03final
2022Total (human-caused and natural)2.982.26 to 3.70final
2023Total human-caused2.861.82 to 3.67final
2023Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)3.493.18 to 3.79final
2023Carbon dioxide2.292.01 to 2.56final
2023Methane0.560.45 to 0.68final
2023Nitrous oxide0.220.19 to 0.26final
2023Halogenated gases0.410.33 to 0.49final
2023Ozone0.500.25 to 0.75final
2023Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.10final
2023Aerosols (total)−1.13−2.10 to −0.46final
2023Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.24−0.47 to −0.01final
2023Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.89−1.83 to −0.26final
2023Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.060.02 to 0.10final
2023Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.05final
2023Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.19final
2023Natural (solar and volcanic)0.280.18 to 0.38final
2023Solar0.110.02 to 0.20final
2023Volcanic0.170.13 to 0.21final
2023Total (human-caused and natural)3.142.09 to 3.96final
2024Total human-caused2.982.06 to 3.77final
2024Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)3.543.22 to 3.85final
2024Carbon dioxide2.332.05 to 2.61final
2024Methane0.570.45 to 0.68final
2024Nitrous oxide0.230.20 to 0.26final
2024Halogenated gases0.410.34 to 0.49final
2024Ozone0.500.25 to 0.75final
2024Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.11final
2024Aerosols (total)−1.07−1.90 to −0.43final
2024Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.22−0.44 to 0.01final
2024Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.85−1.65 to −0.25final
2024Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.060.02 to 0.11final
2024Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.05final
2024Black carbon on snow and ice0.080.00 to 0.19final
2024Natural (solar and volcanic)0.290.19 to 0.39final
2024Solar0.120.03 to 0.22final
2024Volcanic0.170.12 to 0.21final
2024Total (human-caused and natural)3.272.35 to 4.07final
2025Total human-caused3.102.35 to 3.83final
2025Well-mixed greenhouse gases (total)3.583.27 to 3.90final
2025Carbon dioxide2.372.09 to 2.65final
2025Methane0.570.46 to 0.68final
2025Nitrous oxide0.230.20 to 0.26final
2025Halogenated gases0.410.34 to 0.49final
2025Ozone0.480.24 to 0.72final
2025Stratospheric water vapour from methane0.050.00 to 0.11final
2025Aerosols (total)−0.96−1.60 to −0.39final
2025Aerosol–radiation interactions−0.20−0.40 to 0.00final
2025Aerosol–cloud interactions−0.76−1.37 to −0.23final
2025Contrails and contrail-induced cirrus0.070.02 to 0.12final
2025Land use−0.19−0.30 to −0.05final
2025Black carbon on snow and ice0.070.00 to 0.16final
2025Natural (solar and volcanic)0.260.17 to 0.36final
2025Solar0.100.02 to 0.19final
2025Volcanic0.160.12 to 0.20final
2025Total (human-caused and natural)3.372.60 to 4.10final
Indicators of Global Climate Change 2025: Forster et al. (2026), Earth Syst. Sci. Data 18, 3889–3933, doi:10.5194/essd-18-3889-2026; data: Smith et al. (2026), version IGCC-2025a, doi:10.5281/zenodo.21494229. CC BY 4.0. CC BY 4.0.

Where it comes from

Version
IGCC-2025a
Fetched
2026-10-04 (automatically), 1,495,354 bytes
Fingerprint
sha256 04658ff91053808aced03f65dc977311668aec1610ec83bec72fff303dcbcbcd
Copies
No Wayback copy recorded yet.Our copy of the exact file
Cite the producer
Forster, P. M., Walsh, T., Smith, C., Lamb, W. F., Lamboll, R., Cassou, C., Hauser, M., Hausfather, Z., Lee, J.-Y., Palmer, M. D., von Schuckmann, K., Slangen, A. B. A., Szopa, S., Trewin, B., Yun, J., Gillett, N. P., Jenkins, S., Matthews, H. D., Raghavan, K., Ribes, A., Rogelj, J., Rosen, D., Zhang, X., Allen, M., Andrew, R. M., Atkinson, C., Betts, R. A., Bombelli, A., Burgess, S. N., Cheng, L., Claxton, H. E., Friedlingstein, P., Frölicher, T. L., Domingues, C. M., Gasser, T., Gregory, C. H., Hoesly, R. M., Huppmann, D., Ishii, M., Kadow, C., Karwat, A., Kennedy, J., Killick, R. E., Kovilakam, M. V. M., Krummel, P. B., Lan, X., Lamarque, J.-F., Liné, A., Martín-Míguez, B., Monselesan, D. P., Morice, C., Mühle, J., Mussak, P., Peters, G. P., Pirani, A., Pongratz, J., Rigby, M., Rohde, R., Savita, A., Seneviratne, S. I., Smith, S. J., Taha, G., Tassone, C., Thorne, P., Wells, C., Western, L. M., van der Werf, G. R., Wijffels, S. E., Zecchetto, M., Zhong, J., Zhang, X.-Y., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Zhai, P.: Indicators of Global Climate Change 2025: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 3889–3933, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3889-2026, 2026. Smith, C., Walsh, T., Gillett, N., Hauser, M., Krummel, P., Lamb, W., Lamboll, R., Mühle, J., Palmer, M., Ribes, A., Schumacher, D., Seneviratne, S., Slangen, A., Trewin, B., von Schuckmann, K., & Forster, P. (2026). Indicators of Global Climate Change 2025 (Version IGCC-2025a) [Computer software]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.21494229
Version
IGCC-2025a
Fetched
2026-10-04 (automatically), 73,223 bytes
Fingerprint
sha256 68e66370d5dd13134a275e21998c4ec517ca96d37fd3ee2865dc1a307c2200d9ETag W/"f14f3e5b037a7b9809583eb68879c94cc187305b2efb91f012209598861dca59"
Copies
No Wayback copy recorded yet.Our copy of the exact file
Cite the producer
Forster, P. M., Walsh, T., Smith, C., Lamb, W. F., Lamboll, R., Cassou, C., Hauser, M., Hausfather, Z., Lee, J.-Y., Palmer, M. D., von Schuckmann, K., Slangen, A. B. A., Szopa, S., Trewin, B., Yun, J., Gillett, N. P., Jenkins, S., Matthews, H. D., Raghavan, K., Ribes, A., Rogelj, J., Rosen, D., Zhang, X., Allen, M., Andrew, R. M., Atkinson, C., Betts, R. A., Bombelli, A., Burgess, S. N., Cheng, L., Claxton, H. E., Friedlingstein, P., Frölicher, T. L., Domingues, C. M., Gasser, T., Gregory, C. H., Hoesly, R. M., Huppmann, D., Ishii, M., Kadow, C., Karwat, A., Kennedy, J., Killick, R. E., Kovilakam, M. V. M., Krummel, P. B., Lan, X., Lamarque, J.-F., Liné, A., Martín-Míguez, B., Monselesan, D. P., Morice, C., Mühle, J., Mussak, P., Peters, G. P., Pirani, A., Pongratz, J., Rigby, M., Rohde, R., Savita, A., Seneviratne, S. I., Smith, S. J., Taha, G., Tassone, C., Thorne, P., Wells, C., Western, L. M., van der Werf, G. R., Wijffels, S. E., Zecchetto, M., Zhong, J., Zhang, X.-Y., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Zhai, P.: Indicators of Global Climate Change 2025: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 3889–3933, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3889-2026, 2026. Smith, C., Walsh, T., Gillett, N., Hauser, M., Krummel, P., Lamb, W., Lamboll, R., Mühle, J., Palmer, M., Ribes, A., Schumacher, D., Seneviratne, S., Slangen, A., Trewin, B., von Schuckmann, K., & Forster, P. (2026). Indicators of Global Climate Change 2025 (Version IGCC-2025a) [Computer software]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.21494229
Version
IGCC-2025a
Fetched
2026-10-04 (automatically), 73,008 bytes
Fingerprint
sha256 ce98d15a21427bfcc4be9397a86b24706a18d32240a6dc53ca9cfa222f5440edETag W/"5b87581f4bc8bf6ed514a05cbeedc2553d0a0c763efd7ad5bff0689c2c09011a"
Copies
No Wayback copy recorded yet.Our copy of the exact file
Cite the producer
Forster, P. M., Walsh, T., Smith, C., Lamb, W. F., Lamboll, R., Cassou, C., Hauser, M., Hausfather, Z., Lee, J.-Y., Palmer, M. D., von Schuckmann, K., Slangen, A. B. A., Szopa, S., Trewin, B., Yun, J., Gillett, N. P., Jenkins, S., Matthews, H. D., Raghavan, K., Ribes, A., Rogelj, J., Rosen, D., Zhang, X., Allen, M., Andrew, R. M., Atkinson, C., Betts, R. A., Bombelli, A., Burgess, S. N., Cheng, L., Claxton, H. E., Friedlingstein, P., Frölicher, T. L., Domingues, C. M., Gasser, T., Gregory, C. H., Hoesly, R. M., Huppmann, D., Ishii, M., Kadow, C., Karwat, A., Kennedy, J., Killick, R. E., Kovilakam, M. V. M., Krummel, P. B., Lan, X., Lamarque, J.-F., Liné, A., Martín-Míguez, B., Monselesan, D. P., Morice, C., Mühle, J., Mussak, P., Peters, G. P., Pirani, A., Pongratz, J., Rigby, M., Rohde, R., Savita, A., Seneviratne, S. I., Smith, S. J., Taha, G., Tassone, C., Thorne, P., Wells, C., Western, L. M., van der Werf, G. R., Wijffels, S. E., Zecchetto, M., Zhong, J., Zhang, X.-Y., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Zhai, P.: Indicators of Global Climate Change 2025: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 3889–3933, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3889-2026, 2026. Smith, C., Walsh, T., Gillett, N., Hauser, M., Krummel, P., Lamb, W., Lamboll, R., Mühle, J., Palmer, M., Ribes, A., Schumacher, D., Seneviratne, S., Slangen, A., Trewin, B., von Schuckmann, K., & Forster, P. (2026). Indicators of Global Climate Change 2025 (Version IGCC-2025a) [Computer software]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.21494229
Version
IGCC-2025a
Fetched
2026-10-04 (automatically), 72,605 bytes
Fingerprint
sha256 325755f3a3c50148dbddf55d96e91a9be1c404661a9f643f99b894cc1ca6548aETag W/"266fe9b8e7d98b5847a5db67b13bb7d1d2b473a9e5caf7274cd019f8a88e43a0"
Copies
No Wayback copy recorded yet.Our copy of the exact file
Cite the producer
Forster, P. M., Walsh, T., Smith, C., Lamb, W. F., Lamboll, R., Cassou, C., Hauser, M., Hausfather, Z., Lee, J.-Y., Palmer, M. D., von Schuckmann, K., Slangen, A. B. A., Szopa, S., Trewin, B., Yun, J., Gillett, N. P., Jenkins, S., Matthews, H. D., Raghavan, K., Ribes, A., Rogelj, J., Rosen, D., Zhang, X., Allen, M., Andrew, R. M., Atkinson, C., Betts, R. A., Bombelli, A., Burgess, S. N., Cheng, L., Claxton, H. E., Friedlingstein, P., Frölicher, T. L., Domingues, C. M., Gasser, T., Gregory, C. H., Hoesly, R. M., Huppmann, D., Ishii, M., Kadow, C., Karwat, A., Kennedy, J., Killick, R. E., Kovilakam, M. V. M., Krummel, P. B., Lan, X., Lamarque, J.-F., Liné, A., Martín-Míguez, B., Monselesan, D. P., Morice, C., Mühle, J., Mussak, P., Peters, G. P., Pirani, A., Pongratz, J., Rigby, M., Rohde, R., Savita, A., Seneviratne, S. I., Smith, S. J., Taha, G., Tassone, C., Thorne, P., Wells, C., Western, L. M., van der Werf, G. R., Wijffels, S. E., Zecchetto, M., Zhong, J., Zhang, X.-Y., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Zhai, P.: Indicators of Global Climate Change 2025: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 3889–3933, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3889-2026, 2026. Smith, C., Walsh, T., Gillett, N., Hauser, M., Krummel, P., Lamb, W., Lamboll, R., Mühle, J., Palmer, M., Ribes, A., Schumacher, D., Seneviratne, S., Slangen, A., Trewin, B., von Schuckmann, K., & Forster, P. (2026). Indicators of Global Climate Change 2025 (Version IGCC-2025a) [Computer software]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.21494229

What was done to it

  1. Checked that each file read (ERF_best_aggregates.csv, ERF_p05_aggregates.csv, ERF_p95_aggregates.csv) is byte-identical to the same path inside the IGCC-2025a release zip deposited on Zenodo (doi:10.5281/zenodo.21494229, sha256 04658ff91053…).

    Code: pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/climate/igcc_2025.py · code sha256 5a1f11a945b695d3… · inputs 04658ff91053… 68e66370d5dd… ce98d15a2142… 325755f3a3c5…

  2. Read the best estimate, 5th and 95th percentile of effective radiative forcing for each year from 1750 and each of 18 agents and aggregates, as published (W/m²). The 5–95% range is IGCC's, taken from its own percentile files; nothing is re-estimated.

    Code: pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/climate/igcc_2025.py · code sha256 5a1f11a945b695d3… · inputs 04658ff91053… 68e66370d5dd… ce98d15a2142… 325755f3a3c5…

  3. Checked that every human-caused column is exactly zero in 1750 in all three files, so its values are the change since 1750. Solar and volcanic forcing are not zero in 1750 (best estimates 0.02159121 and 0.234943996 W/m²), so the natural and total values are IGCC's time series as published, not changes since 1750. IGCC gives solar for 2025 as a single-year value, separate from its assessment over complete solar cycles, and includes volcanic forcing in the time series without a single-year assessment for 2025 (ESSD Sect. 5).

    Code: pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/climate/igcc_2025.py · code sha256 5a1f11a945b695d3… · inputs 04658ff91053… 68e66370d5dd… ce98d15a2142… 325755f3a3c5…

  4. Checked in the best-estimate file that each aggregate equals the sum of its parts to 1e-6 W/m² (aerosols, well-mixed greenhouse gases, total human-caused, natural, total), which confirms what each column means. Not published as agents of their own: minor, nonco2wmghg, anthro_nonwmghg, which are sums of published columns (non-CO₂ well-mixed greenhouse gases = methane + nitrous oxide + halogenated gases; minor = contrails + land use + black carbon on snow + stratospheric water vapour; human-caused other than well-mixed greenhouse gases = ozone + stratospheric water vapour + aerosols + contrails + land use + black carbon on snow), checked to 1e-6 W/m² the same way.

    Code: pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/climate/igcc_2025.py · code sha256 5a1f11a945b695d3… · inputs 04658ff91053… 68e66370d5dd… ce98d15a2142… 325755f3a3c5…

What it covers

Geography
Global mean
Baseline
1750 for every human-caused agent (each is zero in 1750 in IGCC's files); solar and volcanic as in IGCC's time series, which are not zero in 1750
Basis
IGCC's ERF time series 1750–2025 (ESSD Fig. 5b), single-year values. Solar is IGCC's single-year solar ERF, separate from its assessment over complete solar cycles; volcanic is included in the time series, though IGCC gives no single-year volcanic assessment for 2025. Natural and total include both. 5th to 95th percentile range from IGCC's ensemble.
Unit
watts per square metre (W/m²)