Carbon intensity of electricity (lifecycle), by country

Latest value

461g CO₂e/kWh

Countries and economies, and the world, 2025 (preliminary). Version 2026-09-22.

Notes on individual values

• 2025 is the latest year in Ember's file, which has no estimate flag; Ember's methodology says that for the most recent years it estimates annual generation from monthly data.
• Partly Ember's estimate: the file has no 2023 generation for 1 of the 209 countries and economies with generation for an earlier year, and Ember's methodology says it estimates a country's missing years from its historical trends of demand and generation by source.
• Partly Ember's estimate: the file has no 2024 generation for 15 of the 209 countries and economies with generation for an earlier year, and Ember's methodology says it estimates a country's missing years from its historical trends of demand and generation by source.
• Partly Ember's estimate: the file has no 2025 generation for 116 of the 209 countries and economies with generation for an earlier year, and Ember's methodology says it estimates a country's missing years from its historical trends of demand and generation by source.

Where it comes from

Producer

Ember · Yearly electricity data

Version

2026-09-22

File

https://files.ember-energy.org/public-downloads/generation/outputs/release_generation_yearly_global.csv

Fetched

2026-10-04 (automatically), 16,084,305 bytes

Fingerprint

sha256 ea214963f4a98b26f52aaf541736d4310349a905e64f83e63425bfc3ab6255d7ETag "67122835394a3edc9da6e56901f3d640" · Last-Modified Tue, 22 Sep 2026 16:24:55 GMT

Copies

No Wayback copy recorded yet.Our copy of the exact file

Cite the producer

Yearly electricity generation data, Ember

Producer

Ember · Yearly electricity data

Version

2026-09-22

File

https://files.ember-energy.org/public-downloads/ember_electricity_data_methodology.pdf

Fetched

2026-10-04 (automatically), 1,487,777 bytes

Fingerprint

sha256 67c5eaac3bfbeb7e67bb786f9ea9680f67f6f26e75318560562ee52d439de908ETag "9e4a04176b5b87901bdf0da81b05935b" · Last-Modified Tue, 22 Sep 2026 11:58:42 GMT

Copies

No Wayback copy recorded yet.Our copy of the exact file

Cite the producer

Yearly electricity generation data, Ember

What was done to it

1. Read release_generation_yearly_global.csv, last modified by Ember on 2026-09-22 (Ember gives no version label, so that date is the vintage), and Ember's data methodology (PDF last modified 2026-09-22, sha256 67c5eaac3bfb…). Every methodology statement this transform relies on was found in the PDF (pages 10, 11, 12, 15, 16) before publishing.

   Code: pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/energy/ember_countries.py · code sha256 8155ba05603a0ff0… · inputs ea214963f4a9… 67c5eaac3bfb…

2. Kept the World and the 209 countries and economies in pipeline/geo/entities.csv, from 2000, the first year of Ember's stated coverage (earlier rows exist for some countries and are partial). Each country is matched by Ember's ISO 3 code; Ember's XKX is Kosovo (KOS).

   Code: pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/energy/ember_countries.py · code sha256 8155ba05603a0ff0… · inputs ea214963f4a9… 67c5eaac3bfb…

3. Checked, for every country and year, that the shares of the generating sources in the file add up to 100%, that Clean generation is Renewables plus Nuclear and the Clean share is Clean over Total generation, and that the emissions intensity is emissions over generation, each to within the rounding of the printed values.

   Code: pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/energy/ember_countries.py · code sha256 8155ba05603a0ff0… · inputs ea214963f4a9… 67c5eaac3bfb…

4. Left as null, with the reason, every share and intensity of a country-year in which the file gives a negative generation for a source, because those shares do not describe a generation mix. Ember projects the latest year by applying absolute changes from monthly data to annual values, which can go below zero. In this vintage: Azerbaijan 2025 (Solar -0.094 TWh); Belgium 2025 (Other fossil -0.349 TWh); Bangladesh 2025 (Wind -0.038 TWh); Costa Rica 2025 (Other fossil -1.15 TWh); Czechia 2025 (Other renewables -0.111 TWh); Spain 2025 (Other renewables -0.045 TWh); Estonia 2025 (Other renewables -0.001 TWh); Croatia 2025 (Other fossil -0.003 TWh); Kyrgyzstan 2025 (Other fossil -0.144 TWh); Netherlands 2025 (Other renewables -0.005 TWh); Slovenia 2025 (Other fossil -0.019 TWh).

   Code: pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/energy/ember_countries.py · code sha256 8155ba05603a0ff0… · inputs ea214963f4a9… 67c5eaac3bfb…

5. Status: a World year is preliminary when the file has no Total generation for a country that has it for an earlier year (Ember estimates missing country years from historical trends), as in electricity.ember.mix-world: 2023, 2024, 2025. Each country's values for 2025, the latest year in the file, are preliminary, because Ember estimates the most recent year from monthly data and the file does not say for which countries.

   Code: pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/energy/ember_countries.py · code sha256 8155ba05603a0ff0… · inputs ea214963f4a9… 67c5eaac3bfb…

6. Published Ember's 'Emissions intensity (gCO2e/kWh)' of 'Total generation' as printed.

   Code: pipeline/src/envdash/transforms/energy/ember_countries.py · code sha256 8155ba05603a0ff0… · inputs ea214963f4a9… 67c5eaac3bfb…