Global Carbon Project; published by Copernicus Publications in Earth System Science Data

Global Carbon Budget 2025 (Friedlingstein et al. 2026, Earth System Science Data)

The peer-reviewed description of the Global Carbon Budget 2025: how each part of the global carbon dioxide budget is estimated, the results to 2024, a projection for 2025 made from data for part of that year, and the remaining carbon budgets for limiting warming to 1.5, 1.7 and 2 °C. The yearly values themselves are in the Global Carbon Budget 2025 data files; this paper is quoted for the statements those files do not carry.

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Licence and credit

Licence: CC BY 4.0
What the terms say: “© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.”
From the producer's terms, checked 2026-10-04; re-checked automatically every week.
Credit we give: Friedlingstein et al. (2026), Global Carbon Budget 2025, Earth Syst. Sci. Data 18, 3211–3288, doi:10.5194/essd-18-3211-2026. CC BY 4.0.
Copy of the raw file: Allowed: we keep a public copy of every version we use.
Cite as: Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Aas, K., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bellouin, N., Benoit-Cattin, A., Berghoff, C. F., Bernardello, R., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Collier, N. O., Colligan, T. H., Cronin, M., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Enright, M. P., Enyo, K., Erb, M., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Fransner, F., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Goncalves De Souza, J., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Guenet, B., Gürses, Ö., Harrington, K., Harris, I., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Ito, A., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarníková, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jones, S. D., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Kong, Y., Korsbakken, J. I., Koven, C., Kunimitsu, T., Lan, X., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Liu, Z., Lo Monaco, C., Ma, L., Marland, G., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Melton, J. R., Monacci, N., Monier, E., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Müller, J. D., Nakaoka, S.-I., Nayagam, L. R., Niwa, Y., Nutzel, T., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Pan, N., Pandey, S., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Regnier, P., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Skjelvan, I., Smallman, T. L., Spada, V., Sreeush, M. G., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Swingedouw, D., Séférian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tian, X., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van Ooijen, E., van der Werf, G. R., van de Velde, S. J., Walker, A. P., Wanninkhof, R., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2025, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 3211–3288, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3211-2026, 2026.

Files

Version of record (78 pages). The executive summary, with the 2025 projection and the remaining carbon budgets, is on PDF page 5 (printed page 3215). 13,426,392 bytes.
https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/18/3211/2026/essd-18-3211-2026.pdf

Status

Programme: Published 13 May 2026; the current edition of the Global Carbon Budget paper. The Global Carbon Budget 2026 is expected during COP31 (9-20 November 2026) with its paper months later; it will be a new registry entry.
Updates: Annual edition (paper about six months after the November data release)
Last check: Unchanged since the last fetch (2026-10-05T11:03:07Z)
Independent sources measuring the same thing: Indicators of Global Climate Change 2025